Usamah AAlkarim AAlmunam Alshimaysawe

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to reveal the effectiveness of potential biological control products to manage and evaluate the development of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton. Tests included seeds treated with the Abamectin, ILeVo, and a non-treated control. Results showed that seed treatments with Abamectin and Burkholderia sp. suppressed the numbers of R. reniformis eggs significantly. Seeds treated with Abamectin and bacteria had fewer vermiform adults in the soil in comparison with the non-treated seeds. The bacteria and Burkholderia sp. seeds treatments drastically suppressed the number of eggs isolated from cotton roots compared with the non-treated control. Abamectin also inhibited the number of vermiform life-stages found in the soilas compared to the non-treated control. Biological seed treatments produced no negative effects on plant growth. The use of different biological control as seed treatments can manage plant-parasitic nematodes and limit damage.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of (Agaricus bisporus) as a fertilizer on the bio-chemical contents of cucumber leaves and tissues in Al-Qizuinia/ Najaf during 2018 season. Six replicates (plastic pots) for each treatment were distributed randomly and the experiment was designed using complete randomize block design. Results showed that there were significant differences in all studied parameters of organic fertilizer treatment in comparison with control treatment. Organic fertilizer treatment was higher in term of leaves contents of protein, carbohydrates, mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), total chlorophyll, total phenols and plant hormones (GA3, IAA) and induced systematic resistance enzymes (POD and CAT). While in the control treatment, leaves content of ABA hormone was increased, however, other chemical contents in cucumber were decreased compare to organic fertilizer treatment. Current study indicates the efficiency of mushroom fertilizer to increase the useful chemical contents in cucumber. A. bisporus fertilizer can apply to cucumber plants as a nutritious element within the integrated management of vegetables.

Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium virguliforme is a common and widespread disease across soybean-growing regions worldwide. Experiments were conducted in temperature-controlled water baths in the greenhouse to test the effects of some genes from syntaxin group (SYP22-3 and SYP22-4) on F. virguliforme and the combination of SDS and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Both genes were tested in different combinations with currently two pathogens to examine their ability to manage studied pathogens. Syntaxin evaluated on soybean seedlings infected with F. virguliforme alone and both F. virguliforme and H. glycines. Results showed that there were significant effects of syntaxin genes to reduce the foliar disease severity on soybean plants. Furthermore, they reduced the number of H. glycines females cysts compared to control. Data analysis did not show any negative effect by syntaxin genes on plant growth

This study was conducted in plant pathology / College of Agriculture / University of Kufa in 28/6/2010 e the effect of using the fungus A.niger to control Fusarium solani. Results showed that the fungus reduce the emergence percentage for rice varieties in this study as the concentration gave 60.33% respectively compared with control treatment that gave 80.33% respectively, also affected in number of rot seeds which was 3.67, respectively compared with control treatment that gave 1.7, respectively. Results showed also that the A.niger have encourage effect on emergence that was 90% respectively compared with control treatment that was 80.11% respectively, and also reduce the number of rot seeds that was 1, respectively compared with control treatment that gave 1.89, respectively. The fungi A.niger reduced the dead seedling and increasing the length of plant compared with control treatment; meanwhile, F. solani increased the dead seedling pre and post-emergence and decreased the plant length.The interaction treatments between the pathogenic fungi and bioagent fungi showed different effects, that the fungi increase the emergence percentage that were 50.67% respectively when compared with the fungi F.solani that gave 60.67%, also the interaction reduced number of rot seeds and increased the plant length.

This experiment was conducted in Plant pathology Laboratory/College of Agriculture/ University of Kufa on 27/9/2010. The research included evaluation of chemical compounds (Calcium sulphate, Iron and Potassium sulphate) on biological activity of radial growth of fungi Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. Results showed that there is a high antagonism to A. niger against other fungi. Calcium promoted the fungi growth especially in low concentrations (0.12, 0.25) gm/L to reach to 8.3, 8.7, 7.4 and 7.4, 8.2, 7.6 cm respectively comparison with 8.0, 7.2 and 7.2 cm respectively in control treatment. Other chemical compounds showed different negative and positive effects; also results showed increasing in dry mass weight reached to 1.26, 1.07, 1.044 and 1.26, 1.21, and 1.08 gm when as compared with 0.964, 1.07, 0.924 gm respectively in control treatment. The high concentrations of chemical compounds showed inhibition in radial growth of fungi reached (2.7, 3.2) cm respectively as compared with (7.2, 6.4) cm in control treatment and also reduce the dry weight of studied fungi. Also, results showed various effects on germination of fungi A. niger and F. solani and increased the percentage of germination of rice seeds that treated with pathogenic fungi was 86.67% for iron nutrient compared with control treatment that gave 71.67%. the chemical compounds were also decreased seed rot percentage meanwhile the chemical compounds gave various effects on fallen seedling percentage after germination.

This study surveyed, identified, and biologically controlled fusarium wilt on okra plants. The field survey found fusarium wilt on okra farms in Najaf, Diwaniyah, and Babylon. 18-73% were infected. Six Fusarium spp. isolates were found in wilted plants. Besides spore shapes and colours, the separated fungus differed in culture colour and growth rate. Fusarium spp. isolates also have different okra plant pathogenicities. However, isolate F2 (Abbasiya isolate) was the most harmful and adopted in following trials as the most virulent. The example isolate was PCR-diagnosed using rDNA-ITS marker. Fusarium solani. Thus, GenBank registered OQ729824. The effect of evaporated and non-evaporated compounds secreted from the tissues of cruciferous plants (Cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower) on the culture medium P.S.A 1/4 showed that the compounds secreted from the roots of cabbage and broccoli inhibit and prevent the diagonal growth of the pathogenic fungus F. solani at an average rate of 0.00 cm compared to other treatments. Trichoderma spp. biological isolates tolerate cruciferous plant tissues better. The field experiment to assess the efficiency of the interaction between the root secretions of cruciferous family plants (Cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower) and okra plants in the presence of the bioagent factor T. longibrachiatum T2 showed a significant increase in okra plant growth and production. The interaction treatments between the roots of cabbage or broccoli plants in soil contaminated with the pathogenic fungus F. solani, with or without the biological fungus T2, completely protected the okra plants from disease during growth and harvest. Control treatment had 83.33% infection.

This study surveyed, identified, and biologically controlled fusarium wilt on okra plants. The field survey found fusarium wilt on okra farms in Najaf, Diwaniyah, and Babylon. 18-73% were infected. Six Fusarium spp. isolates were found in wilted plants. Besides spore shapes and colours, the separated fungus differed in culture colour and growth rate. Fusarium spp. isolates also have different okra plant pathogenicities. However, isolate F2 (Abbasiya isolate) was the most harmful and adopted in following trials as the most virulent. The example isolate was PCR-diagnosed using rDNA-ITS marker. Fusarium solani. Thus, GenBank registered OQ729824. The effect of evaporated and non-evaporated compounds secreted from the tissues of cruciferous plants (Cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower) on the culture medium P.S.A 1/4 showed that the compounds secreted from the roots of cabbage and broccoli inhibit and prevent the diagonal growth of the pathogenic fungus F. solani at an average rate of 0.00 cm compared to other treatments. Trichoderma spp. biological isolates tolerate cruciferous plant tissues better. The field experiment to assess the efficiency of the interaction between the root secretions of cruciferous family plants (Cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower) and okra plants in the presence of the bioagent factor T. longibrachiatum T2 showed a significant increase in okra plant growth and production. The interaction treatments between the roots of cabbage or broccoli plants in soil contaminated with the pathogenic fungus F. solani, with or without the biological fungus T2, completely protected the okra plants from disease during growth and harvest. Control treatment had 83.33% infection.