Morteta Hamza Mohammed AL-Medhtiy

The current study has been conducted on health human sperm to identify the different types of amino acids and entire proteins of sperm. Two methods have been applied to characterise of human sperm, firstly extract lysate of sperm, then digest and run it in mass spectrometry, secondly, total sperm lysate was run in SDS page gel and bands were stained with coomassie, then band was cut and digest to extract of whole amino acids and also was run in mass spectrometry. Result revealed that sperm have several proteins, which were involved with different binding proteins, soluble proteins, and glycoproteins, transmembrane proteins. Current result was displayed that mass spectrometry can be used to recognise data of proteins of sperm and detected types of it. This technique was applied on whole lysate and gel bands of sperm and created database of sperm proteins which can be investigated and consider more interesting for researchers. This study is concluded that human sperm have important transmembrane, enzymes, glycosylated proteins, glycoproteins and uncharacterised proteins which might be answered many theoretical aspects of biological and biochemical sperm migrations before and after fertilization.

Parturition in bovine consider as a stressful event to the calving cows and calves as well. In general divided into three phases. The former involves the endocrinal and mechanical arrangement of uterine and cervical tissues, embryo and birth the newborn and expulsion of the placenta. Calcium is one of the essential materials in the body which was found that subclinical hypo-calcemia can highly affect cows and about 47% of the multiparous with 25% of the heifers were affected. Forty animals were selected and divided into two equal groups, first group treated with intramuscular administrations of calcium, the remained group were injected Intramuscular normal saline. The result showed there are significant decrease in the time of parturition in group administered with calcium as compared with non-treated group.

Abstract Recent year’s Iraqi inland water suffered from several water crisis resembling in shortage of waters levels in Tigris and Euphrates river system, the main source of water in Iraq. Therefore, the continuous water crisis led to increase the salinity concentration of Tigris and Euphrates water, which observed significantly in south regions of Iraq. The present study was conducted to investigate the histopathological changes in kidney of common carp fish that cultured in high salinity concentration environment in Al Basra governorate, Iraq at October, 2018. 40 fishes sample were obtained from five fish ponds (eight fishes each pond) in north region of AL-Basra governorate, Iraq. Kidney samples were collected for histopathology examination. The kidney samples showed nephrotoxicity resembling in necrosis of renal tubules and proliferative lesion in glomeruli of affected kidneys. In conclusion, during October, 2018 water crisis, the fish that cultured in ponds with high salinity environment supplied from Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Al Basra governorate, Iraq induced severe nephrotoxicity in kidneys of 70% of examined fishes.

Abstract Each living organism from microbes to primates, has its own immune regime, which differs in its strategies but most of the species are susceptible to infection by pathogens. Nevertheless, camels are resistant to most infections, especially mastitis as well as they can endure the stress in contrast to the cattle, therefore this study has focused on the immune perspective and occurrence of mastitis in the both species as it is very rare in camels. Also, summarized a new insight of utilizing the camel’s milk for the human health and reducing possible zoonotic pathogens. A noticeable difference in the immunity of both species and new trend of therapy have been demonstrated. Further research must be conducted to identify the therapeutic effect of camel’s milk on the human.

Abstract This study was intended to identify the different types of amino acids and whole proteins of the healthy bovine sperm. Two methods applied for characterizing the bovine sperm. Firstly, the whole sperm lysate was extracted and digested and then run in mass spectrometry. Secondly, the total sperm lysate was run in SDS page gel, and then the bands were stained with coomassie stain. The bands were cut and digested to extract the whole amino acids. And finally, it was also run in mass spectrometry. The results revealed that several proteins identified in healthy bovine sperm. These were involved in different binding proteins, glycoproteins, transmembrane, and soluble proteins. These proteins might play a role in sperm activity. It might also be related to the behaviour of sperm during the formation process in testis and migration of sperm via the male reproductive tract and also inside the female reproductive tract after mating and fertilization. Interestingly, gel bands had more abundance of protein compared to the whole lysate, which disappeared fewer proteins. Through combing both methods, it was observed that bovine sperm had several proteins which should be investigated in future studies to understand more about the metabolism and physiology of sperm. In conclusion, this study approved that bovine sperm has essential different and uncharacterized proteins which might answer many theoretical aspects of biological and biochemical sperm migrations after the mating process.

Abstract S100P protein in human breast cancer cells is associated with reduced patient survival and, in a model system of metastasis, it confers a metastatic phenotype upon benign mammary tumour cells. S100P protein possesses a C-terminal lysine residue. Using a multiwell in vitro assay, S100P is now shown for the first time to exhibit a strong, C-terminal lysine-dependent activation of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but not of urokinase-catalysed plasminogen activation. The presence of 10 μM calcium ions stimulates tPA activation of plasminogen 2-fold in an S100P-dependent manner. S100P physically interacts with both plasminogen and tPA in vitro, but not with urokinase. Cells constitutively expressing S100P exhibit detectable S100P protein on the cell surface, and S100P-containing cells show enhanced activation of plasminogen compared with S100P-negative control cells. S100P shows C-terminal lysine-dependent enhancement of cell invasion. An S100P antibody, when added to the culture medium, reduced the rate of invasion of wild-type S100P-expressing cells, but not of cells expressing mutant S100P proteins lacking the C-terminal lysine, suggesting that S100P functions outside the cell. The protease inhibitors, aprotinin or α-2-antiplasmin, reduced the invasion of S100P-expressing cells, but not of S100P-negative control cells, nor cells expressing S100P protein lacking the C-terminal lysine. It is proposed that activation of tPA via the C-terminal lysine of S100P contributes to the enhancement of cell invasion by S100P and thus potentially to its metastasis-promoting activity.

Abstract Many human glandular cancers metastasize along nerve tracts, but the mechanisms involved are generally poorly understood. The calcium-binding protein S100A4 is expressed at elevated levels in human cancers, where it has been linked to increased invasion and metastasis. Here we report genetic studies in a Drosophila model to define S100A4 effector functions that mediate metastatic dissemination of mutant Ras-induced tumors in the developing nervous system. In flies overexpressing mutant RasVal12 and S100A4, there was a significant increase in activation of the stress kinase JNK and production of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP1. Genetic or chemical blockades of JNK and MMP1 suppressed metastatic dissemination associated with S100A4 elevation, defining required signaling pathway(s) for S100A4 in this setting. In clinical specimens of human breast cancer, elevated levels of the mammalian paralogs MMP2, MMP9, and MMP13 are associated with a 4- to 9-fold relative decrease in patient survival. In individual tumors, levels of MMP2 and MMP13 correlated more closely with levels of S100A4, whereas MMP9 levels correlated more closely with the S100 family member S100P. Overall, our results suggest the existence of evolutionarily conserved pathways used by S100A4 to promote metastatic dissemination, with potential prognostic and therapeutic implications for metastasis by cancers that preferentially exploit nerve tract migration routes.

Abstract Microscopic investigation of the larynx in Indigenous Male West African guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) In AL-Najaf province, the mean live weight was (1750 g ± 50 gm) our need to have a base line data on the respiratory system of this abundant species of bird in Iraq. It is expected that this work will provide a base for future research and subsequent clinical application as regards the biology of the guinea fowl. Five healthy birds utilize in this study. After bird dead the larynx dissected out and washing by normal saline solution, then were fixed immediately in 10% NBF solution, and then preparing for routine histological processing. The laryngeal mound was covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Toward the glottis the thickness of these epithelia decreased and some of epithelial layers were modified to epithelial glands, then epithelium became ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Lamina propria-submucosa contained loose connective tissue connected with the perichondrium of the hyaline laryngeal cartilages (Cricoid, Arytenoid, and Procricoid).

ABSTRACT The aim of this investigation is to determine the most of the cells in colon, and the main salient differences of the layers and a tunic which was addressed here not all. The colon was characterized by a delicate lining that is moisturized by mucus and also by a gel that is a byproduct of bacterial fermentation. This study was performed in three health camels which contain a different segments of the colon (proximal anza, centripetal, centrifugal, and distal anza), rectum and anus were histologically examined. The epithelium facing the lumen of the colon is covered with openings of tubular intestinal glands that penetrate deep into the thick mucosa. The glands consist of absorptive cells that absorb water and goblet cells that secrete mucus. In addition, the scattered Paneth cells were observed which given a role in regulation of normal bacterial flora of the small intestine.

Abstract: Problems statement: The level of uterine Secretory-IgA (S-IgA) and numbers of plasma cells was measured to observe the differences between two stages of estrous cycle (follicular and luteal phase) in the healthy cycling non pregnant ewes. Approach: Twelve ewes were used in this study and they were divided into two groups of 6 animals each according to the stages of estrous cycle. All ewes were subjected to estrous synchronization and allowed to undergo one natural estrous cycle after the removal of the sponge. All animals were then slaughtered at the end of the experiment. The uterine mucus was collected by flushing with a mixture of protease inhibitor cocktail in distilled water. For both stages, the level of uterine S-IgA was quantified by using ELISA and Methyl Green Pyronine staining was used to observe the plasma cell in the tissues of the uterine horn and oviduct of ewe’s genital tract. Results: The results were analyzed by independent sample t-test and presented as mean±SEM. This study showed the relationship of the estrous cycle stages to uterine S-IgA concentration (μg mL-1) and populations of plasma cell in the healthy non-pregnant cycling ewes. The concentration (μg mL-1) of S-IgA (0.20±0.01) in the follicular phase was highly significant (p<0.01) as compared with the luteal phase (0.17±0.002). In addition, the populations of the plasma cells were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the uterine horn (4.97±0.32) and oviduct (3.82±0.33) during follicular phase compared to the luteal phase (3.87 ±0.30) and (1.90±0.21), respectively. Conclusion: The main reason for the immunosuppression during the luteal phase did not fully justified, especially with the presence of potential acquired infection during coitus in the follicular phase and at the same time immune system should decrease accordingly to prevent newly attached fetus rejection by the mother immune system.

Abstract Corosolic acid (CA) is a well-known natural pentacyclic triterpene found in numerous therapeutic plants that can exhibit many bioactivities including anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor actions. The current investigation explores the chemoprotective roles of CA against azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were grouped in 5 cages; Group A, normal control rats inoculated subcutaneously (sc) with two doses of normal saline and fed orally on 10% tween 20; Groups B-E received two doses (sc) of azoxymethane in two weeks and treated with either 10% tween 20 (group B) or two intraperitoneal injections of 35 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil each week for one month (group C), while group D and E treated with 30 and 60 mg/kg, respectively, for 2 months. The toxicity results showed lack of any behavioral abnormalities or mortality in rats ingested with up-to 500 mg/kg of CA. The present AOM induction caused a significant initiation of ACF characterized by an increased number, larger in size, and well-matured tissue clusters in cancer controls. AOM inoculation created a bizarrely elongated nucleus, and strained cells, and significantly lowered the submucosal glands in colon tissues of cancer controls compared to 5-FU or CA-treated rats. CA treatment led to significant suppression of ACF incidence, which could be mediated by its modulatory effects on the immunohistochemical proteins (pro-apoptotic (Bax) and reduced PCNA protein expressions in colon tissues). Moreover, CA-treated rats had improved oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity indicated by increased endogenous antioxidants (SOD and CAT) and reduced lipid peroxidation indicators (MDA). In addition, CA ingestion (30 and 60 mg/kg) suppressed the inflammatory cascades, indicated by decreased serum TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines consequently preventing further tumor development. CA treatment maintained liver and kidney functions in rats exposed to AOM cytotoxicity. CA could be a viable alternative for the treatment of oxidative-related human disorders including ACF.

Abstract Ephedra intermedia has been used as a traditional therapy for various health purposes including gastric disorders. To validate its traditional use, we investigated the acute toxicity and the gastro-protective effects of E. intermedia leaf extract (EILE) in ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly separated into 5 groups: normal control (A) and ulcer rats (B) received orally 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); C, rats ingested with omeprazole 20mg/kg; D and E, rats ingested with 250 and 500mg/kg EILE, respectively. After 60 min, groups B-E received an oral dose of absolute ethanol to initiate a gastric ulcer. After another 60 min, the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. The toxicity trial showed the absence of any toxic signs in rats exposed to up to 5 g/kg EILE. Ethanol ingestion led to significant gastric tissue penetration indicated by decreased mucus content, reduced gastric pH, and severe mucosal lesions. Rats treated with omeprazole or EILE had significantly less stomach tissue damage, indicated by a suppressive effect on ethanol-mediated gastric grazes, improvement of gastric mucus and pH, decreased edema, and leukocyte extravasation into the submucosal layer. EILE treatment caused a significant up-regulation of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and a reduction in MDA levels. Moreover, EILE-treated rats showed increased expression of PAS (glycoprotein) in the gastric epithelium and fundic glands. The gastro-protective effects of E. intermedia could be attributed to its positive augmentation of various stomach factors making it a potentially viable source of potent pharmaceuticals for ulcer amelioration.