أ.م.د. حيدر كامل عبدالكريم سلطان

تعتبر شبكات صرف مياه الأمطار من الركائز الأساسية للمدن في العصر الحديث وتعتبر من أهم مشاريع البنية التحتية في المدن العصرية. وتمثل شبكة صرف مياه الأمطار أكثر من 60 % من كلفة المشروع الإجمالية. لذلك يتناول هذا البحث كيفية تخطيط ورسم وتصميم شبكات صرف مياه الأمطار في المدن ويتضمن البحث تصميم واقعي لمدينة عربية وفيه يتم حساب السرع والتصاريف ومناطق الجلوس العليا والسفلى للأنابيب في الشبكة. وكذلك يتضمن حساب عمق الحفر للأنابيب وغرف التفتيش...الخ . ويحتوي هذا البحث علاقات بيانية هامة تربط بعض المتغيرات مع تقليل الكلفة . وبتعبير أخر يمكن اعتبار هذا البحث كأساس لتخطيط وتصميم ورسم أي شبكة لأي مدينة عراقية ضمن ما يعرف بخدمة المجتمع.

In this study, a simultaneous removal of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel from an aqueous solution through the Green Emulsion Liquid Membrane (GELM) method was carried out. A 7:3 ratio of sunflower oil to kerosene was utilized as the membrane phase stabilized by Span 80 as the emulsifier. D2EHPA as a carrier and HCl as an inner phase were used. Extraction and stripping efficiencies of 97.45% and 98.42% for Cd2+, 96.82% and 97.84% for Co2+, 89.74% and 92.69% for Ni2+, respectively, with the lowest breakage (0.8%) were obtained under the best operating conditions. An extensive investigation of the influence of homogenizer speed, external and internal phase acidity, the HLB value of the surfactant (Tween 80 and Span 80), surfactant and carrier concentrations, volume ratio of the membrane to internal phase, mixer speed, ratio of external to membrane phase emulsification time and extraction time on the stability of membrane, extraction, and stripping efficiencies were carried out. Kinetic analysis of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel extraction was performed using zero, first, and second-order models at optimum conditions. The experimental data fit well with first-order for three metal ions. The coefficient of the total mass transfer (Ft) of cadmium through the GELM technique was 3.28% higher than that of cobalt and 28.61% higher than that of nickel, while the Ft of cobalt is 25.33% higher than that of nickel. Using the recovered membrane, the extraction of the three metal ions for the initial six cycles was extremely efficient under the best conditions.

In the present study, the efciency of Nanoemulsion Liquid Membrane (NELM) in the recovery of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel ions from real wastewater was investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). An ecofriendly approach using sunfower oil-based diluent and silica nanoparticles is a signifcant advancement over traditional methods. The proposed NELM included a diluent composed of 70% sunfower oil and 30% kerosene, Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphate (D2EHPA) used as a carrier, span80 used as surfactant, Silica Nanoparticles (SNPs) as co-surfactant and HCl as stripping agent. The SNPs were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), and X-ray Difraction (XRD). The comparison between the experimentally optimized and the RSM optimized values was accomplished by optimizing the following parameters SNPs concentration, carrier concentration, pH of the external phase, surfactant concentration, and emulsifcation speed. The results of RSM showed that the best conditions obtained from the extraction process were at SNPs and span80 concentration of 0.294%(w/v) and 3.62%(v/v), respectively, pH of the external phase of 5.49, emulsifcation speed of 11,075 rpm, and carrier concentration of 5.55%(v/v) at extraction time of 8 min. At these conditions, the maximum extraction of Cd+2, Co+2, and Ni+2 ions was 93.43%, 91.02%, and 79.43%, respectively. Based on the fndings of the regression analysis, it was possible to ft the experimental data to a quadratic model with R2 of 93.53%, 91.76%, and 92.5% for Cd+2, Co+2, and Ni+2 ions respectively. The mechanism of the Cd+2, Co+2, and Ni+2 ions extraction was presented. Also, the study of reusability of the prepared membrane was discussed and showed that a slight decrease in the activity of the membrane at the end of four cycles where extraction efciency decreased from 90.57%, 87.31%, and 77.62% in the frst cycle to 80.14%, 75.83%, and 68.72% at the fourth cycle for Cd+2, Co+2, and Ni+2 ions, respectively, confrming the good reusability of the membrane during the treatment of wastewater. Finally, the prepared NELM can efectively be used for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals due to its high extraction efciency at a low required time

The extraction process using an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has attracted considerable interest because it is a promising and effective method for removing toxic pollutants, organic and inorganic acids, and industrial pollutants with low concentrations. This treatment method removes contaminants efficiently as the extraction and stripping processes take place in one operation, in addition to being an adequate and economical alternative to other traditional extraction methods. A comprehensive review of ELM in terms of its characteristics, components, stability, and extraction efficiency was conducted. Different effects on membrane stability have been extensively studied. In addition, the fundamentals of instability, such as swelling, breakage, and coalescence, have been carefully studied. This paper presents a new membrane composition (green membrane) by choosing environmentally friendly diluents and surfactants and demonstrating the feasibility of using these materials to make the standing ELM-based separation processes more economic and environmentally pollution-free. The most important nanomaterials that have been used as surfactants and that play a significant role in the enhancement of emulsion stability are also discussed.

This study explores the use of novel green emulation liquid membranes (GELMs) for the simultaneous extraction and stripping of Cd (II) from aqueous solutions. A solute is transported through the membrane due to the presence of the carrier and then concentrated in the internal phase. Soybean, sunflower, corn, and canola oils were used to form green substitutes to petroleum-based organic diluents for use as GELMs. Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA), tri-butyl- phosphate (TBP), and trioctylamine (TOA) were the extractants, span 80 was the emulsifier, and HCl or H2SO4 was used as the stripping agent. The best conditions for maximum extraction efficiency (98.68%), stripping efficiency (97.14%), and lowest membrane breakage (0.9%) were achieved using a mixture of sunflower oil and kerosene in the ratio of 70:30. The other optimum values of the variables were: 2% (v/v) Span 80, 10 min emulsification time, 12700 rpm emulsification speed, 400 rpm of agitation speed, 5% (v/v) D2EHPA, an external phase pH was 3.5, an internal phase of 0.25 M HCl, and 5:1 of the treat ratio (external phase to emulsion) at 10 min contact time. The synthesized membrane was reused eight times, with approximately the same efficiency and no significant breakage during the first seven cycles.

The use of night-time lighting is an irreplaceable technique in modern urban societies. On the other hand, its excessive use is accompanied by undesirable effects on humans and nature, as well as on all living beings. This has been declared in the last two decades. Nowadays, light pollution is getting increasing attention all over the world, particularly in developed countries, as most of the global researches have proven that there is a direct link between serious health problems and the increase in the levels of light intensity that people are exposed to. However, to minimize the use of exceeding lighting, some countries such as South Korea and many international organizations concerned with light pollution such as CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) have developed specifications and determinants to minimize light pollution. Furthermore, these countries have enacted laws and legislations that regulate and limit artificial lighting use. Whereas in other countries, such as Iraq, the issue of light pollution has not given enough attention from researchers or officials and there have been no specifications that limit this widespread phenomenon. In this study, a field survey was performed that included many famous commercial and main streets as well as some external roads that link Al-Najaf city with other cities in Iraq. Moreover, this investigation included measuring the intensity of lighting in many significant squares in Al-Najaf city. This study concluded out there is clear and tangible light pollution and exceeds determinants many times in most streets and roads. In Al-Sadiq Street, for example (the main street in the old city), light pollution was 16.78 times greater than the allowable limit. This is the highest value that exceeds the standard limits for a survey of the selected streets in Al-Najaf city. As for the city squares, they were all higher than the permitted limit, whether during pre-curfew or postcurfew times. In this respect, the light pollution in “Thworat al-Ishreen Square” exceeded by 48.96 times and 233.8 times the official standard of (CIE) recommendations during the period of pre-curfew and post-curfew respectively. This indicates a lack of environmental awareness in reducing unnecessary lighting as well as the absence of legislation and laws that limit the use of lighting, mainly after midnight, and that is entirely different from the way the developed countries have handled the adverse effects of light pollution.

The tremendous benefits of using cellular phones, which began to increase and unprecedented spread worldwide last decade, were accompanied by harmful effects on the environment due to the increase in electromagnetic radiation (EMR) which be emitted from mobile phone towers. This effect on humans, animals, and plants, which is considered a form of environmental pollution, was sensed by developed countries and Environmental protection organizations. These countries have established restrictions and enacted laws to reduce their negative impact on living beings. The field survey included six major hospitals and 38 schools were distributed over the central neighborhoods in Al-Najaf city. The results showed that power density (PD) measurements for 4 out of 6 hospitals and 27 out of 38 schools were higher than the biological limit (BL) adopted in this article. This limit is considered as an indicator of the onset of a harmful effect on brain and body tissues. The highest value for PD in hospitals was 5.62 mW/m2 recorded in Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital. PD measurements ranged from1.33 from 3.92 mW/m2 in the selected schools where its readings exceeded the BL. When comparing the PD measurements at the selected sites with limits set by the "International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)" they were less than the recommended limit in those specifications. All values of specific absorption rates (SAR) in W/Kg were below the ICNIRP Guidelines' limit. However, they were above the biological limit for four hospitals and several of the selected schools.