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Rivers are considered one of the greatest reasons for the existence of human being gathering. They convey and collect downfall as natural flows, and hence
rivers are supposed to be the main source of water that must be mastered, restrained, and con…
Rivers are considered one of the greatest reasons for the existence of human being gathering. They convey and collect downfall as natural flows, and hence
rivers are supposed to be the main source of water that must be mastered, restrained, and controlled to meet the requirements of human beings. In general, humans shape their existence alongside the rivers, where these situations have many advantages and disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is the destruction by river floodings and erosion of their banks, so rivers should be controlled in order to minimize their severity. Also, one should know any critical points of rivers and use biological or mechanical ways to reduce erosion, such as river training structures (Espandar & Imam, 1994; Rashad & Kassaf, 2020). The most common and beneficial transversal river training structures are spur-dikes (Al-Yassiry, 2015), i.e. artificial networks situated on river banks at various angles with one edge on the bank and the other edge outstanding into the current. Spur-dikes are constructed and created for many purposes, such as: directing the flow for the chosen reach, increasing the flow depth for navigation, preventing erosion of rivers banks, establishing river alignment and cross-section, enhancing habitats of riverine aquatic, altering the surrounding view and aiding the accessibility to the river (Jafari & Masjedi, 2015; Rashad, 2021). Spur-dikes are typically made from stone, gravel, rock, earth, sand, or piles. They can be either submerged or non-submerged. The non-submerged ones are made in the case of impermeable spur-dikes since their top is exposed to severe erosion if submerged. On the other hand, spur-dikes can be designed in different plan view shapes, such as I, L, T, hockey, inverted hockey, and curved shapes (Fig. 1).
