Aboothar Hatem Majeed Al-Edhari

Umbilicus tropaeolifolius subsp. zalamica Sardar et Al-Edhari (Crassulaceae) is described as a subspecies to science based on the material collected from Zalam region (South East of Sulaimaniya). Morphologically it is close to the typical U. tropaeolifolius Boiss. which is a species found in Iraq. An identification and a taxonomic description are given.

The phylogeny of the species of Bromus L. in Iraq was investigated by using twelve in-group species and one out-group related the genus Stipagrostis Nees, based on the trnL-F intergenic region of chloroplast DNA. Individual analysis of trnL-F sequence data indicated monophyly of the genus Bromus, the results of bayesian and maximum parsimony displayed three clades of Bromus with high supports (bs=100%, pp=1.00). The B. madritensis L. and B. sericeus Drobov in one major chades. The B. scoparius L., B. japonicus Thunb. and B. brachystachys Horn. in secondary clades. B. danthoniae Trin. in a single secondary clade alone. The third-largest clade in the phylogenetic tree included the B. tomentellus Boiss. in the basal of these secondary clades, B. tectorum L., B. rubens L. in a single secondary clade sister to B. diandrus Roth. Finally, the final secondary clade gathered B. sterilis L. and B. fasciculatus Presl.