Entisar Abbas Mohammad Al-hillo

Abstract. The archaeological buildings constitute the urban core of the historical city, private identity and urban life that give privacy to every society. The old Najaf city is the most important city in Iraq due to its religious and spiritual value in the Islamic world, so its archaeologic buildings represent the main features in the collective memory and private reality of cultural heritage. The research aims to achieve the type of nanomaterials contribute of preserving the archaeological buildings built with bricks in the Najaf City in particular and Iraq in general, and how to use them to prolong the life of these buildings, assuming that some of nanomaterials prevent harmful environmental factors from affecting them or causing their damage, then they achieve a high level of environmental efficiency and help to perpetuate the building. These treatments do not cause a change in the original physical or chemical properties of heritage buildings. The study results suggest a type of Nano-treated bricks as a new building material for the additive parts to archaeological buildings, and thus access to buildings that achieve high environmental efficiency.

One of the key variables that can affect energy consumption in a building is the shape of the structure. The current study aims to balance the using solar radiation (lighting, heating, and cooling) and energy consumption by analyzing climatic factors’ effect on building formation systems’ standards. The research shows the mechanism of reaching optimal solutions in building performance problems using evolutionary algorithms as a reliable strategy. By examining the formation of compact fabric elements, the mass of the building on the site is compared with the parametric model adapted to the context to find out the negatives and positives according to the heat gain for each. The research relied on analytical and descriptive methods to clarify the determinants. The analysis included three main axes, the urban characteristics, the urban climatic compatibility in the study area, and parametric analysis. According to the results, shaped building blocks can simultaneously enhance indoor daylight levels and energy performance. Using the framework as a reference model can increase the chances of solving complex urban design problems earlier and recommend sustainable building designs.

One of the essential foundations that help strengthen the cultural identity of holy cities cultural identity is to preserve their physical and cultural components, tangible and intangible, that distinguish them from other cities. It was introduced as a temporary or permanent case to address some service aspects in the holy cities, which made the city lose the architectural features that distinguish it—losing the place's spirituality and the city's memory. The study examines the main reasons that led to losing cities' identity by introducing renewal projects as a temporary or permanent situation to address some aspects of the service in the holy cities. Thus, losing the place's spirituality and the town's memory. The research aimed to preserve the identity of the sacred cities by setting standards for development projects that should respect the specificity of Najafi architecture. The research results were calculated based on the principles of urban sustainability. One of the most critical conservation criteria is to know the quality of the implemented and proposed projects through field surveys and studies dealing with these projects. The research came up with several recommendations. First, preserve the architectural elements that characterize Najafi architecture. Second, Respect the context and not deviate from it. Third, knowing the model and standards for renovation and restoration projects, the original model must be simulated. The research came out with several recommendations, including Preserving the architectural elements that characterize Najafi architecture, Respecting the context, and Knowing the model and standard in renovation and restoration projects. The research came up with several recommendations. Kerbala Journal for Engineering Science https://kjes.uokerbala.edu.iq/ First, preserve the architectural elements that characterize Najafi architecture. Second, Respect the context and not deviate from it. Third, knowing the model and standards for renovation and restoration projects, the original model must be simulated. By dividing the research into several parts, it dealt with clarifying the most important planning and design foundations that preserve the heritage values of the ancient cities by reviewing the essential foundations for planning in Islamic cities, which led to formal formations of the main landmarks with certain characteristics that reflected the nature of life in Islamic cities through their relations with each other. While the other parts dealt with the study of urban development projects in the old city and subjecting them to the most important standards of urban sustainability, and then verifying whether these projects are considered under urban sustainability.

The research investigates the wealth and richness of the heritage markets in the center of old Najaf city, which considers one of the most prominent urban landmarks and the tissue cells that make up the city and an essential element in its emergence. An attempt to explore whether, (the market) as cultural heritage is deteriorating or the processes of development and change are compatible with its historical value, thus knowing the extent to which its richness and urban spatial value have been preserved in the city. Hence the idea of research in defining the vocabulary that contributes to maintaining the richness of the heritage markets in general and the great Najaf market as a special case study and to identify how to preserve the richness of this landmark through time, hence the problem of research in “the lack of knowledge about identifying the mechanisms of preserving the richness of this landmark over time. Heritage markets and the diagnosis of the appropriate mechanisms and procedures to reveal the extent of maintaining their urban wealth “. Studies dealt with the promotion of needs either or not, and the application of these terms to the great market of the city of Najaf. The research concluded that enhancing wealth and preserving the value of markets depends on in two basic words, namely (the formal level) to highlight the urban language of the place and (the morphological level) to confirm structural interconnectedness, which is considered the basic bases for managing wealth and enhancing its historical and heritage value within urban city centers.