Doaa Falah Razzaq Al-dabbag

The stopping power of electrons in the energy range of 60–260 MeV was investigated to evaluate their potential application in radiotherapy. Electron beams can be controlled electromagnetically, allowing the beam intensity to be scanned and modulated during treatment, which provides an advantage over conventional photon beams. In the present work, the stopping power of high-energy electrons was calculated for several materials relevant to radiotherapy, including water, blood, skin (ICRP), eye lens (ICRP), cortical bone (ICRP), and soft tissue (ICRP). The electron stopping power was determined using Equation (10) and the semi-empirical expression given in Equation (12). The calculated values were then compared with the corresponding results obtained from the ESTAR program. This comparison was performed over the 60–260 MeV energy range to examine the agreement between the proposed calculations and the established ESTAR data. The main purpose of this study is to provide an updated assessment of the stopping-power characteristics of electrons in materials of biological and dosimetric importance. Particular attention is given to their relevance to electron radiotherapy, where the electron beam must be accurately delivered to the target region. Finally, the semi-empirical calculations are compared with the ESTAR results to evaluate their consistency and suitability for radiotherapy-related applications. Total mass-stopping power in (MeV cm2/g) caused by the density effect (-δ) and radiative stopping power contribution using Bragg’s valence law for compound targets (Z/A) and half- 60 MeV to 260 MeV Semi-empirical stopping energy equations included in the kinetic energy T (MeV) for electrons in ranges are fitted by a three parameter approximation written using (MALAB2018) language we calculated obtained from fitting with the experimental stopping power data (ESTAR) program and we calculated the error ration STEYX and correlation coefficient. It is found that our results are in good agreement with values of Estar code and the correlation coefficient between them is (0.999

In this research, ZNO-Nano and Vitamin C Supplementation administered for female rats after exposure to X-ray radiation to evaluate their mitigating effects on specific biological parameters expressed by MDA level of female rat serum.Five groups of female rats were investigated: non-radiation control group G1,n = 6, animals received 4Gy does irradiation G2 n=6, animals received 6Gydoes whole body irradiation G3 n=6, animals exposed to radiation of 4Gy and received orally daily dose of ZNO-Nano and Vitamin C Supplementation (1L) for two weeks G4 n=6, and animals exposed to radiation 6Gy and received orally daily dose of ZNO-Nano and Vitamin C Supplementation (1L) for two weeks G5 n=6. The entire body of each rat that was not a control was irradiated with 4Gy and 6Gy of radiation using a LINAC system using 6 MV X-rays and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is an indicator of levels of lipid peroxidation will be taken 24hours post-irradiation of G2 and G3, and after 24hours post-irradiation and treatment with ZNO-Nano and Vitamin C Supplementation which continued for the two weeks of G4 and G5. No obvious side effects were found in rats treated with ZNO-Nano and vitamin C supplementation orally in a single dose for two weeks. Based on the findings, ZnO-Nano and vitamin C supplementation can be used as therapeutic drugs were introduced to reduce oxidative stress, toxicity, and loss by X-ray during radiotherapy. There was a decrease in MDA levels after radiation exposure, However, MDA levels have not returned to normal.

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increasing incidence rates reported in Iraq and neighboring regions. Understanding local epidemiological patterns and associated risk factors is essential for improving early detection and prevention strategies. This study summarizes the epidemiology and statistics of colorectal cancer in Najaf and the neighboring areas from 2016 to 2024 using data collected from the Middle Euphrates Cancer Center. With the addition of 87 new cases in 2024, the total number of cases reviewed was 194. The majority of patients were between the ages of 40 and 79, and the majority of reported cases were male (61%). This further supports the idea that age is a strong risk factor for colorectal cancer.

This study investigated the effect of distortion in radiographic images taken by a X-ray digital radiography (DR) machine for 30 cases of patients who visited Al-Sadr Educational Hospital in Najaf, Iraq, during the period between February and April during the year 2024, which technical settings such as kilovoltage peak (kVp) and milliampere-second (mAs) were recorded to identify the extent of the impact of these factors on the distortion of the radiographic image and thus the accuracy of diagnosis. It was found that these technical factors have a direct impact on the accuracy of the radiographic image, in addition to other factors such as poor lighting and incorrect calibration, which may lead to distortion of the radiographic image. All of this leads to a wrong diagnosis and thus affects the clinical evaluation, which is necessary to emphasize the establishment of special protocols that guarantee obtaining radiographic images with good accuracy to ensure a correct diagnosis of pathological cases.

myriad of X-ray machines have completely revolutionized the realm of medical imaging offered healthcare professionals an array of invaluable tools for accurate diagnosis and due to the importance of this matter and a comprehensive review was conducted of the X-ray machines available in Najaf hospitals and became clear that all possible types are available (conventional radiography (CR) machines, digital radiography (DR) machines, computed tomography (CT) scanners, fluoroscopy machines, C-arm machines, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanners, mobile X-ray machines, positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET/CT) scanners, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanners, mammography (MG) scanners) for diagnosing various medical conditions, ranging from bone imaging to cross-sectional scanning, each machine avail a pivotal role in unveiling the mysteries of human health.

the research examines the stopping-power of high energy electron beams between 50 MeV and 600 MeV to establish their appropriateness for radiotherapy applications. The electromagnetic properties of electron beams enable scanned intensity modulation which photon beams cannot achieve during radiotherapy. The research established the stopping-power of radiotherapy electrons between 50 MeV and 600 MeV in eye lens tissue and bone cortical tissue and soft tissue according to ICRP recommendations. The authors applied a three-parameter approximation in MATLAB 2018 language to fit kinetic energy (MeV) for electrons at higher energy ranges using the overall mass stopping-power (-δ) from density effects combined with radiative stopping-power from Bragg's valence law for compound targets (Z/A) and half 50 MeV to 600 MeV semi-experimental stopping energy equations. The experimental stopping-power data (ESTAR) program was used for fitting the results which led to the calculation of STEYX error ratio and correlation coefficient. Our results match the ESTAR code values exactly with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. This paper aims to provide an updated overview of mass stopping-power electrons, with a focus on the requirements of electron radiotherapy in which electrons are delivered to the tumor site. The semi-experimental results are compared.