Dhaneen Mahdi Abdul Zahra Al Abodi

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a heterogeneous group of plasma proteins whose concentrations change markedly in response to inflammation, infection, tissue injury, and metabolic stress. Synthesized predominantly by the liver under the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, APPs exhibit diverse biochemical structures and functions that extend beyond their traditional role as nonspecific inflammatory markers. They actively participate in innate immune defense, modulation of oxidative stress, regulation of protease activity, lipid and metal metabolism, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Key APPs—including C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, α1-antitrypsin, and ceruloplasmin—demonstrate distinct physiological roles and clinically relevant response kinetics that reflect underlying disease processes. Aberrant or persistent alterations in APP levels are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndromes, infectious diseases, and organ dysfunction. Clinically, APPs remain indispensable tools for disease diagnosis, activity assessment, and prognostic evaluation, although limitations related to specificity and biological variability persist. This review synthesizes current advances in the biochemistry, physiological functions, and clinical significance of major acute phase proteins, emphasizing their evolving translational relevance in modern laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity. It accounts for more than 90% of oral cancers and is ranked as the sixth most prevalent cancer when considered on a global scale. In terms of pathogenesis, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a role in their interaction. Well-established risk factors are smoked tobacco, alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing, and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection- especially HPV-16. From these exposures mutate key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes such as RAS, MYC, and TP53 plus promoter hypermethylation of genes like p16 and DAPK.These molecular changes lead to unrestrained cell proliferation apoptosis inhibition angiogenesis and tissue invasion facilitated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Geographically, OSCC varies a lot. The cultural practice of chewing betel quid in South and Southeast Asia makes this region the highest implac6tion for this disease, while lower rates are seen in Arab countries as alcohol consumption is not prevalent. In Iraq, increasing tobacco consumption, more waterpipe (shisha) smoking, and lifestyle changes have driven an upward trend of OSCC incidence. It usually affects men above the age of 40; however, recent data show increasing incidence among the younger nonsmokers which may indicate a shift in etiology where HPV infection plays a bigger role. Genetic studies in global and Iraqi populations have shown consistent overexpression of p53, cyclin D1, and EGFR. Conserved molecular pathways because of regional exposure differences. The survival rate remains poor due to late-stage diagnosis and recurrences. To improve patient outcomes in the face of these challenges will require culturally sensitive public health campaigns, early detection facilitated by molecular biomarkers, and targeted therapies that genetic profiling guides. This review synthesizes available evidence on the etiology and epidemiology of OSCC, highlighting gaps in knowledge and proposing avenues for research that can help direct preventive efforts while decreasing this disease’s burden globally.

Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of glandular tissue and, therefore, poses considerable problems for diagnosis and treatment. The diverse nature of this cancer mandates a proper staging system for the guidance of treatment approaches for better patient outcomes. Advances in molecular biology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry in recent years have contributed significantly to our understanding of adenocarcinoma, especially as it appears in the lung and gastrointestinal systems. This review attempts to synthesize the present knowledge about the classification of adenocarcinoma and the various treatment modalities with more stress on the clinical applications, while at the same time indicating areas that are not known and where further research should be directed

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and increasing evidence indicates that coagulation abnormalities cause stroke and the formation of a secondary ischemic stroke, either in the accompanying vessel or in the form of an embolus. Therefore, the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis is a critical component of the ischemic stroke. The study population was included 75 ischemic stroke patients and 25 healthy subjects. The estimated incidence of ischemic stroke increased in the age group 65-74 years, with a significant difference (p<0.05) in comparison with the other groups. Results of coagulation tests indicated that no significant differences were found in the results of prothrombin time between the IS patients and control. A PCR-SSP technique was performed for detection prothrombin gene 20210 G/A (rs1799963) polymorphism, in ischemic stroke patients.

Background: In Iraq and around the world, Breast Cancer (BC) is the most frequent disease that affects women. About 22 nucleotides, short and non coding RNA molecules known as microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for regulating genes and a range of cellular functions, including differentiation, proliferation, and death. The studies have shown that progestogens may bind to both nuclear and membrane receptors, which can stimulate the development of tumors in the breast and increase of cells causing breast cancer. The study was aimed to assess the miRNA-29 expression and the progesterone hormone levels and their association at the patients diagnosed with the breast cancer. Methodology: The number of samples was 74 blood samples, collected from breast cancer patients who were 54 females and apparently healthy subjects (20). The total RNA was extracted from whole blood to synthesis the complementary DNA(cDNA) and level of miR-29a expression was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT- qPCR) method. Serum levels of the progesterone hormone were measured by Enzyme linked lmmunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: The Progesterone hormone level was significantly decreased in breast cancer patients having a mean equal to (13.27±1.6 ng/ml) in comparison to (20.99±0.8 ng/ml) for the healthy control group (p<0.01) while miR-29a expression was significantly increased in the breast cancer patients (1.2±0.28) in comparison with healthy subjects (0.006± 0.0001) with p value (0.0021). Conclusion: As stated by the findings, the miR-29a expression can be used as diagnostic marker for the breast cancer examination in the laboratory investigations .miR-29 was significantly correlated with progesterone levels in breast cancer. Further studies are needed to this correlation

Background: Globally as well as in Iraq, Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor among malignancies that affect women and one of the most deadly illnesses that affect women. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18–25-nucleotides regulatory non coding short RNAs that post-transcriptionally control the expression of genes to perform a wide range of essential functions in various biological processes. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the miR-29a expression level and association with breast cancer as well as to find out the relationship between miR29 and Progesterone receptor. Methodology: There were 74 of blood samples (54 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy control group).RNA extracted from patients and controls to synthesize complementary DNA(cDNA).Gene expression of miR29a was carried out using the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The results revealed that miR-29a gene expression in patients with breast cancer was (1.276851852), while in healthy people, the 2^-(ΔΔCt) was equal to zero, with a standard error of (0.281) and a dispersion deviation of (2.069) in comparison with control group. It was noted that women with breast cancer had an increased concentration of progesterone receptors, where the average concentration for healthy people was 0.348. Conclusion: From these findings we concluded that miR29 can serve as biomarker, diagnostic or predictive tool upon diagnosing breast cancer in the medical laboratories and also for treatment development. There was a significant association between mir29a and PR levels in this study.

It was held by the Damascus Academy for Training and Community Awareness on Thursday and Friday, corresponding to 18-19/1/2024 AD Under the patronage of the President of the Damascus Academy for Training and Community. Awareness, Dr. Tagharid Muhammad Al-Fawaz

It was held by Information Technology Research and Development Center at Kufa University during 16-30\7\2023

It was held by the Iraqi Society for Biosafety in cooperation with the Al-Nahrain Foundation for Development and Youth on Saturday 2/25/2023 at 9:30 am in the Sheikh Al-Tusi Hall - Al-Alamein Institute in Iraq