Dhaifullah Zamil Harbi Al-Jashamy

A new sociolinguistic approach to analyze language that sustains or maintain inequality and discrimination of individual speakersis the so-called Critical Sociolinguistics. Depending on the theoretical bases of critical sociolinguistics, the study develops a model to analyze Iraqi homosexuals’ discourse. Iraqi Homosexuals are influenced by globalization and this can be reflected in the way they talk. The chief aim of the current study is, thus, to investigate how power and identity are manifested in Iraqi homosexuals’ discourse. The study arrived at conclusion that Iraqi homosexuals use different sociolinguistic aspects and strategies through their language. They tend to legitimate their belief in several ways. They depict themselves as an oppressed social group and this is reflected in the language they use. Their identity also reflects their social class, sex and age they belong to. Keywords critical sociolinguistics Globalization homosexuality identity IHD Power

Abstract:-The current study deals with metaphor as a persuasive device in Donald Trump's speeches. The study is based on two questions: What is the pragmatic purpose that metaphors are used for? How metaphors are used pragma rhetorically? Therefore, the study aims to uncover what are the main purposes behind using these metaphors and how they are used. The researcher hypothesizes that Trump use metaphors to show his positivity and his opponents' negativity by using such metaphors to persuade audience to be in his side. His metaphors are used with features of power and violence. To achieve the study's goals, data will be collected from Trump' speeches in different occasions. The analysis will be on an eclectic model. This model depends on rhetorical pragmatics as a framework, in addition to conceptual blending theory as a mechanism of metaphor analysis. Key words: Blending, Metaphor, Persuasion, Rhetoric and Power Keywords Blending, Metaphor, Persuasion, Rhetoric and Power

Causality is one of the main prominent schematic components in language and cognition. In cognitive semantics, causality has received especial interest because of its significance as a basic element in our cognition. Langacker's (1990 and 1991) causal chain and Talmy's (2000) force dynamics are the most important models of causal structure in language and cognition. Talmy considers force dynamics as one of the schematic systems that structure events. His model is directed to the causal relation between clause components; while the current study investigates the causal relation out of the clause boundaries. It studies how a scene affects another one. The interaction between acts in terms of causality is part of the narrative structuring system in which causality is only one schematic component among others. The current study involves a new treatment of causality in narrative within the framework of cognitive semantics. It aims to answer the following three questions: first, how is causality formulated in narrative? Second, what are the causality forms in narrative? What is the role of causality in narrative? In order to answer these questions, the researcher builds a model on the basis of Talmy's force dynamics. It formulates the way in which related acts interact in terms of causality. The acts are selected and modified by the processes of extraction and conversion which pull out the schematic features of scenes. The model is applied to three events selected randomly from J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter novel.

Poetic translation is one of the most debatable areas in translation and applied linguistics. It is not an easy task to translate a poetic text because of peculiarity and cultural aspects of poetry. Therefore, how one can evaluate a poetic translation is an applied linguistic area that deserves to be studied. Cognitive Grammar (CG) has provided the field of linguistics with a new perspective by relating language to all other human cognitive activities and faculties. Recently, this grammar provides literature with different tools that can be used in literary analysis. Construal operations are among these tools that can play a role in literary analysis. The basic question of this paper is: can construal operations play a role in evaluating poetic translations? To what extent Middleton and Garza-Falcón (1993) succeeded in translating Ibn Zaydún's Poem "Al-Zahara"? The fundamental aim of the current work is to employ construal operations in evaluating poetic texts and to evaluate the English translation: Ibn Zaydún's Poem "Al-Zahara". It is hypothesized that construal operations play a role in the evaluation of poetic translation. Regarding Al-Zahara, it is assumed that the translation maintained the general aspect of the original text, but it is not accurate in many places.

The study explores the cognitivenetwork and semantics of the Arabic fictive motion constructions of emanation paths within Talmy's framework. One of the claims in cognitive linguistics is that motion event can be used to describe an inherently static scene without any movement in reality, but linguistically, that scene is conceptualized as dynamic movement. Thus, fictive motion (hereafter FM), as a cognitively universal phenomenon, expresses a static physical entity by using dynamic linguistic structure. Emanation is one of the different types of FM which has been investigated by Talmy (1996, 2000). The central aim of this study is to investigate emanation FMin Arabic and to find whether ituses the same constructions that are used in Talmy's model. The study also aims to find if there are other categories that can be used in Arabic and absent in his categorization and vice versa. More precisely, the study looks for an answer to how abstract ideas are acquired and structured in Arabic. The results revealed that more concrete verbs are used in Arabic to describe FM. It also uses categories that are not classified within Talmy's framework.

Construction grammar is one the most sophisticated theories of language system., There is a debate between two orientations, within the framework of construction grammar, over universality of some aspects of language system. Conditional constructions in English and Arabic can be studied in order to contribute to this debate. They are used to encode the cause and effect of two events. The current paper is based on the following two questions: what are the main differences and similarities between Arabic and English conditional constructions? How do these similarities and differences contribute to the debate over universality of constructions? This contrastive study has theoretical and applied values. Theoretically it contributes to the debate of universality and practically it can benefit the fields of language teaching and translation.