بشار كاظم هادي الجبوري

The current study was undertaken to stimulate the physiological resistance and active compounds in eggplant to prevent the development of Cuscuta campestris (Dodder), to reduce its spread in field and also detection of selective herbicide to control it with minimum damage to eggplant fields in Iraq. A field experiment was conducted in Al-Qizuina, province of Najaf during the 2017 growing season to achieve the above aim. Treatments (herbicide and nutrients) were arranged within randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed significant differences among treatments when boric acid gave the greatest leaf content of carbohydrates, phosphorus, boron, total chlorophyll, and growth-promoting hormones (IAA and GA3) in eggplant, fruit content of ascorbic acid and total soluble compounds. However, the Na2SiO3 resulted in higher leaf content of silicon and salicylic acid while urea treatment gave greater nitrogen and protein in the crop. Similarly, treatments of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and K2SO4 were higher in calcium and potassium, respectively. The growth inhibitor hormones (ABA) were greater in the mechanical control treatment, while the total phenols were very high in the sulfosulfuron treatment. Based on the GC–MS analysis of herbicide residues, sulfosulfuron concentration was below the level of detection in the eggplants fruits confirming their safety for human consumption. Using sulfosulfuron with plant nutrients together can enhance resistance in eggplant against C. campestris.

Current study aimed to evaluate the ability of the biocontrol agent Ttichoderma harzianum to protect seed and seedlings of wheat from the infection by Fusarium graminearum pathogen. The pathogenic fungus was isolated from infected spikes of wheat collected during 2019 growing season, while an isolate of T. harzianum was obtained from plant pathology laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa. The pathogenicity test was carried out on the pathogenic fungus in lab and in pots to examine its pathogenicity to the seed and seedlings of wheat. T. harzianum was also tested for its ability to inhibit F. graminearum and protect wheat seeds. Results showed that F. graminearum was reduced the germination percentage sharply as it reached 0.00% in comparison with control treatment which gave about 86%. The pathogenic fungus also increased seed rot up to 100% compare to 13.33 in control. T. harzianum showed high ability to inhibit the radial growth of F. graminearum when it recorded 58.33%. While, the pathogenic fungus was reduced the germination of wheat seeds in pots to 46.33 compare to 83.33 in control. T. harzianum was increased the germination percentage and reduced seed rot in petri plates and pots and can be used as an efficient bio-agent to protect seeds and seedlings of wheat from the infection by F. graminearum.

The expected losses in wheat crop due to the associated weeds can be the real threat to the production of this crop and the wellbeing of growers as more than 20 genera of weeds are spreading in all regions that growing by wheat in Iraq. However, the most widespread and harmful genera are those belonging to Poaceae, Brassicaceae and Fabaceae families. The geographical distributions, morphological identification confirmed by molecular identification were conducted to detect weed species associated with wheat crop in Babylon province. Results indicated that the average of density of weeds spread was 20.38% in 632 hectare cultivated with wheat. Eight strains belong to different families of weed were recorded for the first time and registered in GenBank (NCBI) under the accession numbers (OM069771 to OM069778). The phylogenetic tree and development of the genetic patterns of registered strains with forty compatible species were divided into several groups that showed different inherent in kinship and closely interdependence despite the difference in locations of groups.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of as a fertilizer on the bio-chemical contents of cucumber leavesAgaricus bisporus and tissues in Al-Qizuinia, Najaf during 2018 season. Six replicates (plastic pots) for each treatment were distributed randomly and the experiment was designed using complete randomize block design. There was significant differences in all observed parameters of organic fertilizer treatment in organic fertilizer treatmentcomparison with control treatment. The application of 1 kg of mushroom waste/ 4kg of soil as resulted in protein, carbohydrates, mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), total chlorophyll, total phenols and plant hormones (GA , IAA)higher 3 in leaf and induced systematic resistance enzymes (POD and CAT). In the control treatment, leaves content of ABA hormone was increased, however, other chemical contents in cucumber were low as compared to organic fertilizer treatment. residue can be applied asA. bisporus fertilizer for integrated nutrient management in vegetables.

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Qizuina district-province of Najaf during the 2017 growing season in order to control parasitizing dodder (Cuscuta campestris) on eggplants through increasing plant growth and inducing plant resistance using nutrients and herbicide. The experiment arranged within RCBD with three replicates. Results showed significant differences between treatments. Among all the treatments, Boric acid resulted in the highest values of leaf number, leaf area, plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, thickness of bark, epidermis and petiole cortex of the leaf, and shorter time to fruit maturity as well as no infection was detected. While, Na2SiO3 resulted in higher values of stem diameter, earliness in first flower formation and higher of fruit set, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight and plant productivity, early (13.84 ton.ha-1)and total yield (69.24 ton.ha-1). The herbicide Sulfosulfuron was effective to control dodder resulted in filaments decease and prevented its flowering compared to the mechanical control and the other infected treatments in which dodder not only reduced the eggplants vegetative growth but also affected the quality and quantity of early (5.82 ton.ha-1) and total yield (44.39 ton.ha-1). These results confirm the using of high efficient treatments in to control dodder which can be practically applied in the integrate management program of this pest.

This study aimed to detect the chemical compounds contained in Cuscuta campestris seeds and shoot parts using the GC–MS following methanol extraction method, and also determining protein, total phenolic, total soluble carbohydrates, plant hormones and pigments for both seeds and shoot (flower and filament). The GC–MS analysis results showed six compounds are common between seed and shoot and the presence of different compounds in different plant parts including 24 compounds in seeds and 9 compounds in the shoot parts. The content of protein and carbohydrate in shoot (1.095% and 22.640 mg g−1 respectively) were higher than in seeds and the total phenols content in seeds (11.094 mg g−1) was greatest than in shoot. In addition, there were differences between seeds and filaments parts in terms of concentration of pigments and free plant hormones, filaments were superior in total chlorophyll and carotene content (5.37 mg 100 g−1 and 13.26 mg 100 g−1 respectively). In seeds, ABA content was very high reaching 93.38 µM compared to other hormones, which had an effect on the seed dormancy of C. campestris.