عقيل محسن مهدي المحمودي

This study was aimed to identify the anatomical and histological structures of papillary muscles of the right and left sides of bulls’ hearts, in relation to the chordae tendineae which are normally extended from papillary muscles. Six hearts of fresh adult bulls were studied grossly and histologically for this research. Anatomical study was conducted by dissecting bulls’ hearts, and length, breadth of papillary muscles and number of chordae tendineae were described and measured. For histology study, special and routine stains were used to distinguish the general pattern contents of muscles, types of fibers and connective tissue. This study found that there were three papillary muscles in the right ventricle and two papillary muscles in the left ventricles, so the angular papillary muscle was absent in the left side. However, septal and parietal papillary muscles of left side were the largest papillary muscles. Also, the numbers of chordae tendineae were observed more numbers in the right papillary muscles. Histologically, myocytes were similar into cardiac cell muscles. Although, there are increasing the scattered more connective tissues and fibers. The chorea tendineae was no myocytes and completely transited into connective tissue. Briefly, this study was indicated that angular papillary muscle are the largest muscle and absent in left side. However, more chordae tendineae were detected in right side, in addition, the myocytes were shorter than cardiac cells, but gradually, myocytes were disappeared at the chordae tendineae. This results in relation to pathological heart diseases could be explained more reasons for heart failure diseases.

This study designed to assess the testis morphological features and biometrical parameters of the adult local rams and bucks. The samples were collected from a ten healthy adult rams and bucks that slaughtered in the AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf province abattoir. The testis position, shape, structures, dimensions and its relation with other parts of the region were recorded for each animal. The testis lies in the inguinal region between the cranial surfaces of the thighs. The long testis axis almost matches that of the trunk. The testis outer shape in both ram and buck revealed the oval shape. The means of the weight, length, circumference, diameter, volume, and density for the left testicular of the ram and buck were (150.2 ± 33.8 gm and 140.9 ± 88.4 gm), (10.7 ± 1.90 cm and 9.8 ± 2.5 cm), (15.07 ± 1.22 cm and 9.05 ± 0.78 cm), (1.9 ± 0.4 cm and 1.9 ± 0.18 cm), (133.1 ± 15.9 ml and 125.9 ± 20.4 ml) and (1.13 ± 0.05 g/cm3 and 1.12 ± 12.3 g/cm3) respectively. While the means of the weight, length, circumference, diameter, volume, and density for the right testicular of the ram and buck were (154.1 ± 3.2 gm and 145.3 ± 14.3 gm), (10.13 ± 0.90 cm and 8.3 ± 1.9 cm), (16.09 ± 2.8 cm and 8.09 ± 1.5 cm), ( 2.2 ± 0.33 cm and 1.5 ± 1.22 cm), (121.89 ± 11.65 ml and 116.9 ± 16.37 ml) and (121.89 ± 11.65 ml and 116.9 ± 16.37 ml) respectively. Significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two species were observed in the means of weight, length circumference, diameter, volume, and density of testicles. However, no significant difference was seen in the biometric measurements of the left and right testicle of the ram. Meanwhile, testis volume and density were revealed a significant differences (P ≤0.05). The Tunica vaginalis (a serous membrane) was covered the most testis beneath a strong capsule that called the tunica albuginea. These layers were soft and grayish red in ram, but were darker in buck. The mediastinum layer of the testis revealed jellylike in both animals. In conclusion, the results of this study approved some differences and similarities in the testis morphological and biometrical measurements of the local adult rams and bucks

Abstract Microscopical and biometrical exploration of the testis in ten of the healthy mature rams and buck choose from AL-Najaf slaughter house. Which anticipation to support the future studies and clinical purposes of the biology of the reproductive system. Testicular histological technique civilized then. Microstructures, histodimentions, were recorded then discussed between the two target species. Testicular surrounded by thick sheet of dense irregular connective tissue, tunica albuginea. The last secured by a visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis. The mean thickness in these tunics of an adult ram and buck differed significantly (p≤0.05). The parenchyma was subdivide into lobules by septae extend from mediastinum testis toward tunica albuginea. Each lobule of the two target species contain tortuous seminiferous tubule. Interstitial connective tissue surround each tubule contain blood vessels, fibroblasts loose connective tissue cells, and leydig cells. The mean number, diameter of leydig cells and their nuclei in microscopic fields in ram and buck differed significantly (p≤0.05). Sertoli cells pyramidal shaped with ovoid nuclei mean diameter of Sertoli cells in ram and buck differed significantly (p≤0.05). Spermatogonia located near the basal membrane, Mean diameter of Spermatogonia, in ram and buck differed significantly (p≤0.05). Large primary spermatocytes with large rounded nuclei with coarse clumps of chromatin mean diameter in two species differed significantly (p≤0.05). Secondary spermatocytes smaller than primary. Small spermatids were rounded. Mature one characterized to elongated. Seminiferous tubule continuous as straight tubules with rete testis tubules lined by simple squamous epithelium. The later end with ductuli efferentes lined with tall ciliated columnar epithelium. Which continued into ductus epididymis lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Key words ram, testes, buck, tunica albuginea, Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells

Abstract Macro and Microscopical explorations of the tongue in the ten of the adult male Rabbits collected from AL-Najaf city markets, this work expect will provide a support for future research and subsequent clinical applications as regards the biology of the tongue. After rabbits preparation the tongue distinguished then the shape, position, dimensions were record. The apex of the tongue was almost rounded. The body was square-shape thickening decreased gradually toward root. Root which slopes ventrocaudally toward the base of the epiglottis. Torus linguae at the caudal part of the dorsal surface. Lateral surface of tongue contain several fossa touching the premolar teeth. The mean length of the total tongue, apex, body, and root were (4.5 ± 0.5 cm), (1.25 ± 0.23 cm), (2.95 ± 0.2 cm), and (0.9 ± 0.26 cm) respectively. The mean width of the apex, body, and root at the widest part were (1 ± 0.49 cm), (1 ± 0.17 cm), and (1.26 ± 0.22 cm) respectively. Skeletal muscle fibers and loose connective tissue surrounded by stratified squamous epithelium keratinized at the dorsal and lateral lingual surfaces, non-keratinized at the ventral lingual surface. Filiform papillae heavy distribution on the dorsal surface of body, scanty at the apex, at the lateral surface of the body they are smaller than body papillae and longer than apex papillae. Circumvallate papillae were oval-shape, surrounded by a moat-like furrow, taste buds on the dorsal and lateral sides. Foliate papillae were leaf-like non-keratinized; with taste buds on the lateral walls. Fungiform papillae hade broad rounded keratinized surface, with taste buds on the dorsal surface. Lamina propria -submucosa was loose connective tissue with rich bundles of collagen fibers.

Stomach macroscopical and microscopical investigations of ten adult male wild rabbits collected from AL-Najaf city markets recorded to gives a support for future researches and clinical applications as look upon the biology of the digestive system. After rabbit's preparation the stomach recognized then the shape, position, dimensions and its relations with the other abdominal organs were record. The outer shape of stomach is taken J- like shape. Its lies in the cranial part of the abdominal cavity entirely within the rib cage, mostly to the left of the median plane. It consists of the visceral and parietal surfaces, and greater and lesser curvatures. The mean length of the greater and lesser curvatures were (22.3±0.9 cm) and (4.64±0.9 cm) respectively. Stomach connected with spleen, pancreas and colon by thin mesenteric folds. Internal surface of the stomach consist of two parts, glandular and non-glandular. The first part consists of three regions, the cardiac, fundus, and pyloric regions. The mean length of non-glandular and three glandular regions were (2.3 ± 0.38 cm), (2.28 ± 0.4 cm), (6.38 ± 0.23 cm), and (4.3 ± 0.29 cm) respectively. Non-glandular region covered by stratified squamous epithelium. The cardiac and fundus regions covered by simple columnar epithelium. The pyloric region covered by a low columnar to cuboidal epithelium. Invaginations of the glandular epithelium to forms tubular branched and coiled glands. Smooth muscle of muscularis mucosa two layers, tunica submucosa was loose connective tissue, tunica muscularis showed bundles of smooth muscle fibers arrange into internal circular, and external longitudinal layers which facing externally with loose connective tissue of adventitia

The study aim to explain the anatomical description of the larynx in the indigenous male turkey (Meleagris gallopava). For making use as a basic information in the study of the respiratory physiology, histopathology, the respiratory diseases diagnosis, and surgery and anesthesia of turkey. Five healthy birds (first year of age and weighing (4715 ± 43.3 gm)) employed in this study. After well bleeding, the larynx detected, and then the shape, position, dimensions of each specimen and its components were recorded. The larynx appeared as a heart-shaped mound in the caudal part of the oropharyngeal cavity. It consisted of a single hyaline cricoid cartilage which consisted of body and left and right wings, double hyaline arytenoid cartilages which consisting of body and rostral and caudal processes, and single hyaline procricoid cartilage which consisted of body dorsally and tail ventrally. Also there were superficial and deep intrinsic and rostral, caudolateral, and caudomedial extrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscles