امير خليل ياسر الركابي

Abstract A field experiment was performed at the College of Agriculture Research Station, University of Kufa, on sandy loam soil to investigate the impact of wood vinegar on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) and some characteristics of yellow corn (Zea mays L.). Five concentrations of wood vinegar (0, 1, 5, 25, and 50 ml L⁻¹) were administered in consistent increments over a duration of three months. The experimental results demonstrated that the initial application of wood vinegar markedly decreased the electrical conductivity, achieving a minimum value of 0.425 dS/m⁻¹ for the BCH50 treatment, in contrast to 1.495 dS/m⁻¹ for the control treatment. Likewise, the third injection of BCH50 resulted in a reduction of electrical conductivity, attaining 0.516 dS/m⁻¹. Concerning soil pH levels, wood vinegar decreased the pH to 5.90 in the BCH50 treatment during the third application, with the majority of treatments exhibiting values below 7, in contrast to the control treatment, which recorded a pH of 8. The treatments markedly influenced the vegetative development traits of yellow corn. The findings indicated that plant height escalated with higher vinegar concentrations, with the BCH50 treatment attaining maximum measurements of 65.5, 69.25, and 79.75 cm throughout the three application rates, respectively. The fresh weight of the plants grew with higher vinegar concentrations, peaking at 171.5 g in the BCH50 treatment, followed by 167.25 g in BCH25 and 161.25 g in BCH1. The largest significant increase in plant dry weight occurred at the medium dose of BCH25 (59.525 g), followed by BCH1 (46.125 g) and BCH50 (40.5 g). The results demonstrate that medium and high concentrations of wood vinegar markedly enhanced vegetative development, although the medium concentration exhibited a more equitable impact on dry matter accumulation relative to the high concentration.

Fusarium solani induced damping-off is an important limiting factor for tomato production in Iraq, and leads to severe epidemics with large stand losses. This research aimed to test the efficacy of organic NPK fertilizer, wood vinegar and bio-control fungus Trichoderma hamatum either sole or coupled application against disease incidence and seedling performance. The NPK fertilizer (18 g pot⁻¹) was the best fertilizer treatment and resulted in the highest level of germination rate (80.55%), least seed rot incidence (19.45%) and minimum seedling mortality (9.63%). It also possessed better growth characteristics both among all endophytes tested, such as maximum height of seedling (6.602 cm), shoot dry weight (0.7657 g) and root dry weight (0.06214 g). Among wood vinegar concentrations, the 2% level was the most effective with germination (84.44%) and seed rot (15.56%) both reduced and lower percentage of seedling mortality (7.04%), as well as better growth attributes (seedling height 6.587 cm; shoot dry weight 0.7717 g; root dry weight 0.06237 g). With respect to fungal ratios, the T3:F0 treatment (pure T. hamatum) exhibited the best performance resulting in the highest germination percentage (91.67%), lowest seed rot incidence (8.33%) and most vigorous growth of seedlings (height 6.785 cm; shoot dry weight 0.8460 g; root dry weight 0.07582 g). In conclusion, T. hamatum and 2% wood vinegar combined with NPK at 18 g were observed to substantially contribute to disease control and the improvement of seedling vigor under our experimental condition, suggesting that these appeared promising in integrated management of tomato damping-off

Abstract This study included to evaluate the quality of main river water for irrigation uses. Water samples were collected from six different locations along the river, namely Al-Kafel, Al-Abasia, Al-Kufa, Al-Manadra, Al-Meshkhab and Al-Qadesia on 12/10/2024. Samples were collected from the sites on the same day, placed in plastic bottles, sealed tightly and brought directly to the laboratory to test total hardness, turbidity , temperature, potential of hydrogen , Electrical conductivity , Dissolved oxygen (O2 ), total suspended solids , sulfur , iron Sodium and potassium ions . The dissolved O2 values ranged from 8.5 to 8.7 mg /l .

Abstract A field experiment was performed at the College of Agriculture Research Station, University of Kufa, on sandy loam soil to investigate the impact of wood vinegar on the availability of phosphate, nitrogen, and potassium in this soil. Five concentrations of wood vinegar (0, 1, 5, 25, and 50 ml L⁻¹) were utilized and administered in routine infusions for a period of three months. The results demonstrated that wood vinegar markedly influenced the availability of soil nutrients in comparison to the control treatment, with distinct variations evident across all application rates. The third application of the BCH25 treatment yielded the maximum phosphorus concentration at 11.56 mg kg⁻¹, surpassing the control treatment's 8.18 mg kg⁻¹, so demonstrating that the medium concentration of vinegar was most effective in enhancing phosphorus availability. The BCH25 therapy exhibited the most favorable response to nitrogen on the third application, attaining 37.3 mg kg⁻¹, in contrast to 7.67 mg kg⁻¹ for the control group. This is ascribed to heightened microbial activity and the mineralization of organic matter due to frequent treatments. The BCH25 treatment for potassium had superior performance, recording 113.5 mg kg⁻¹ in contrast to the control treatment's 27.58 mg kg⁻¹. This illustrates vinegar's function in dissolving salts and liberating ions owing to its mild acidity.

This theory is based on the fundamental principle that the human body does not develop but only its mind. In contrast, reverse development of the human body and mind can occur, the evolution of the body and mind of humans descends. This can be seen on crazy men or minds if their actions are not similar to man, and the animal, if not indifferent to the type of eating, clothing, behavior and behavior is very similar to the animal, but its body is similar to the human, or that the crazy man is like a monkey, the current limit is very close . Here comes the question of what chimpanzee origin is now .. thousands of years ago and by circumstance a group of people lost their minds and the group became crazy and over time as a result of the fact that they are multiplied by their parents with the passing of time and their actions are just as crazy as the animals that walk on earth The trees turned their legs, hands and bodies into what it is now. This theory is the opposite of Darwin's theory of evolution

المشاركة كعضو لجنة مناقشة لطالب الماجستير سيف الدين في قسم علوم التربة والموارد المائية - كلية الزراعة - جامعة الاسم الخضراء بتاريخ 2-2-2017

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ameer_Yeaser

بالاعتماد على هذه الطريقة يمكن هضم العينات النباتية الجافة خلال 15 دقيقة بأقل كلفة ونتائج دقيقة بدل الطريقة التقليدية والتي تعتمد على عدة حوامض مركزة وستغرق وقت من 12 - 24 ساعة

orcid.org/0000-0002-7620-3723