علي كامل بعيوي الگريطي

Abstract:The Iraqi economy is one of the prominent rentier economies, as it depends largely on oil sector revenues as a major source of hard currency. This has resulted in a set of impacts on the general economy, as the growth of public revenues in the federal budget of the state and the gross domestic product depends on the fluctuations of crude oil prices in the global market, which in turn affects oil revenues. In addition, these fluctuations directly affect the management of public spending by the state, making it difficult to reduce it. There is still an ongoing debate about the causes and motives of these fluctuations. Accordingly, the Iraqi government faces great difficulties in preparing the state's general budget, if there is a decrease in oil revenues. Hence, the necessity of diversifying sources of public revenues in the federal budget and supporting and developing other economic sectors in Iraq that are suffering from an almost complete halt at the present time, and benefiting from them in financing the general budget revenues, in addition to getting rid of or reducing dependence on oil sector revenues.Keywords:The general economy, the Iraqi government faces great difficulties, economicsectors, oil sector revenues.Introduction:Given the acceleration of trade, the consequences of globalization and technological progress, these countries have become more interested than ever in increasing their competitiveness. Fiscal and monetary policies play an important role in determining competitiveness to overcome market failures and

Abstract:It is necessary to present the historical development of the role of the state and the scope of its interventionin social and economic life, so that this concept can be clarified.Considering that the first part of the term (politics) includes a number of meanings, among these meanings is that politics is nothing but a set of procedures, measures or positions taken by an authority in a certain field. The nature of the state's role and the limits and areas of its intervention in public life will certainly have a clear impact on drawing up that policy.In order to give a clear picture of the development of the state's roles in the areas of life, these roles will be studied starting from the establishment of the nation-state until the present time, and those roles of the state will be discussed according to the intellectual schools that have emerged throughout history.Keywords:Economic school, state, financial policy.

يستكشف هذا البحث فرص تعزيز التجارة الإلكترونية والتسويق الرقمي في السوق العراقي مع التركيز على البنية التحتية التكنولوجية والتحديات القائمة. بناءً على البيانات والمعلومات الحالية، تبين أن هناك زيادة في انتشار الإنترنت واستخدام الهواتف الذكية في العراق، مما يفتح أبواباً واسعة لفرص التجارة الإلكترونية. ومع ذلك، تظهر بعض التحديات مثل قلة الوعي بفوائد التجارة الإلكترونية وتحسين البنية التحتية التكنولوجية وتطوير التشريعات الرقابية. يتطلب الوضع الحالي جهوداً مشتركة بين الحكومة والقطاع الخاص لتعزيز التوعية، وتحسين البنية التحتية، وتطوير السياسات الرقابية، وتعزيز الابتكار وريادة الأعمال في مجال التجارة الإلكترونية والتسويق الرقمي في العراق.

Abstract International economic interactions are now essential to both developed and developing countries to achieve economic growth and, thus, growth. New marketplaces for the discharge of goods are created by international commerce and foreign direct investment as part of international economic cooperation. Country-to-country trade occurs between nations that produce specific items or provide certain services and other countries that do not. In the shadow of the profound economic transformations produced by globalization and the revolution of communications and information, and the disappearance of such partnerships in the fields of trade, finance, production, and market creation, cooperating countries have achieved a range of positive advantages: gaining experience in the conditions of domestic and foreign markets through exports and direct investment, and sharing experiences and technology between those in the center countries (parent companies) and those emerging in various branches in foreign countries. After the political change that took place in Iraq after 2003, Iraq went to conclude trade and economic agreements with Turkey and China with the aim of strengthening economic, trade, scientific and technical relations between the two parties, and encouraging and expanding foreign exchange, by abolishing or reducing trade restrictions and removing non-tariff barriers in their bilateral trade, and the cooperation of the two parties in the field of expanding investments and investment opportunities, but the Iraqi side was the weakest in achieving the economic goals of these agreements, Due to the underdevelopment of the supply side of the Iraqi economy and its inability to compete with international economic partners, as its weak production capacity in its economic sectors stems from the lack of adequate economic and trade policies due to the security and political challenges that the country is going through and its weak production base, and in order to find a balance between these agreements and economic relations, a national economic strategy based on diversifying the productive base of the Iraqi economy must be adopted to make it able to compete with international partners. Due to these interactions and agreements with Turkey and China, Iraq's economy has been exposed to the rest of the globe by 68 percent. It signifies that the economy is susceptible to changes in global commerce. Economic growth is harmed when countries open themselves up to the outside world by signing agreements on economic and investment cooperation with other countries. International agreements and the enactment of laws and legislation that would preserve the interests of foreign investors, in addition to overcoming the shortage of infrastructure, would help attract foreign direct investment and promote investment in manufacturing due to Iraq's abundance of raw materials and low-wage workforce.

Abstract The research is concerned with clarifying the real challenge of the Arab countries to the competitiveness of their trade in light of the globalization system and global trade. Through a theoretical review of the development that international trade has undergone in accordance with international agreements and the freedom of trade it provided for the member states in those agreements, such as the reduction of customs tariffs, as well as the importance of inventions and technological and informational developments in the trade process, which GATT has become in the light of these data is characterized by limited handling. Therefore, the Uruguay Round aimed to introduce new concepts in trade related to services, investment and individual property rights and to set rules and mechanisms for dealing in the areas of settling disputes that arise between member states of the WTO. The parameters of intra-trade in the research and for a specific period of time were reviewed in the data analysis from 2006 to 2018. The purpose of this is to give a new role characterized by Arab coordination and to find a unified position capable of facing external challenges that seek to integrate Arab economies into the global economy. The marginalization of its role as an effective and influential economy puts the Arab countries in front of limited options, as it is facing these challenges trying to find a place for it in the global economy. As for it to succumb to pressures and open its markets for imported goods from abroad. In light of this scene, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area will constitute a competitive force for Arab economies in the field of global economic blocs. These are, as a result, important propositions for the return of joint Arab action in the field of trade and exchange of goods and services, which is sure to have a clear reflection on the Arab political field and create broader opportunities for Arab understanding in various fields.

Recently, researchers and experts concerned with economic affairs have increased interest in managing the returns of natural resources and how they can best be used to achieve economic prosperity and prosperity for people in developed countries. Most developed countries have devised different strategies and models for successful management of these riches. Accordingly, some suggest a model for establishing sovereign funds under various names to preserve these fortunes for contemporary generations and future generations in a way that contributes to achieving growth and development of the economy and raising living standards and enhancing the welfare of its residents. Meanwhile, others suggest a direct distribution model for the income from natural and oil resources, especially among the population, which contributes to improving living standards and the well-being of individuals. Many countries have started applying this model. In our world today, the American state of Alaska is the most famous application and success, followed by the Canadian province of Alberta, which used the model of direct distribution of oil wealth to the population. Regardless of ideas and opinions, the idea of establishing what might be called (the Iraqis fund) represents the best, efficient and fair way to ensure the Iraqi population enjoy the wealth, especially after the governments that ruled after the change in (2003) failed to provide the most basic services and rights to this country. Besides, the economic and social benefits that can accrue from supporting the consumer's capabilities and the agreement of individuals can be strengthened, which in turn wil

حرصاً منا على مستقبل ابنائنا الطلبة، ولغرض اتاحة الفرصة لهم لاستكمال دراستهم وما للعلم من اهمية في بناء وطننا العراق تقرر الاتي :- • السماح بأعادة الطلبة المرقنة قيودهم الى مقاعد الدراسة للسنة الدراسية ٢٠٢٦/٢٠٢٥ لقنوات القبول كافة للدراستين (الصباحية والمسانية) اعتبارا من السنة الدراسية ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٣ صعودا للمراحل الدراسية المنتهية وما قبلها • يستثنى من هذا القرار الطلبة الذين تم ترقين قيودهم بسبب الغش او التزوير او العقوبات الانضباطية. وبصدده تنسب اتخاذ الجامعات الاجراءات الاتية :- • رفع اسماء الطلبة المرقنة قيودهم المشمولين مع سيرهم الدراسية من قبل تشكيلاتكم ضمن محضر رسمي الى مجلس الجامعة للتدقيق والمصادقة عليه . • اصدار اوامر جامعية خاصة بعودة الطلبة ، مع تزويد دائرة الدراسات والتخطيط والمتابعة بنسخة من الاوامر الجامعية . • احتساب السقف الزمني للطلبة ابتداءا من سنة العودة.