علي عبد ابوجاسم الحميداوي

A radioatividade em alimentos pode acontecer por meio de materiais radioativos, graças a ocorrências naturais e/ou nucleares. Legumes e frutas tornam-se radioativos por depósito de materiais radioativos que caem a partir do ar ou através da água da chuva. Os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram: medir a atividade específica e dose efetiva anual, como consequência da ingestão de frutas e legumes coletados de um mercado local na província de Najaf, Iraque. Neste estudo, a radioatividade natural foi medida em amostras utilizando espectrômetro de raios gama. Os resultados mostram que as atividades específicas médias em amostras vegetais para 238U, 232Th e 40K foram 5,21, 4,76 e 186,15 Bq kg-1 e as atividades específicas médias para 232Th, 40K em amostras de frutas foram 2,53, 211,64 Bq kg-1, enquanto que a dose média anual eficaz total em amostras de vegetais para adultos, crianças (10 anos) e recém-nascidos é estimada como sendo 0,117, 0,122, e 0,179 mSv, ao passo que a dose média anual eficaz total em amostras de frutas para adultos, crianças (10 anos) e recém-nascidos é estimada como sendo 0,141, 0,295, e 0,388 mSv, respectivamente. Os valores encontrados para essa atividade específica e a dose efetiva anual em todas as amostras neste estudo foram inferiores aos valores médios mundiais para todos os grupos de acordo com UNSCEAR (2000) e ICRP (1996), respectivamente; portanto, concluiu-se que tais valores são considerados seguros.

Indoor and Outdoor absorbed dose rates were measured in select region of AL-Qizweenia Najaf in Iraq. Measurements were perform using a Portable dosimeter Survey (Inspector Alert Model RAP RS1,S.E.international,Inc, USA). The results show that the values of absorbed dose indoor and outdoor were ranged from 696 to 1592.1 nGy/hr and from 565.5 to 1070.1 nGy/hr respectively. The average absorbed dose indoor and outdoor rates were 950.91 nGy/hr and 810.84 nGy/hr of every buildings and laboratories. According to occupancy factor of 0.8 and 0.2, the corresponding average annual effective dose indoor and outdoor rates were calculated to be, 4.66 mSv/yr and 0.99 mSv/yr, successively. The mean annual effective dose outdoor rate is found to be higher than 1mSv/yr which is the recommended dose limit for the public.

In present study, natural levels of radiation in some selected medical plants existing in the Iraqi stores were estimated to determine any activity concentration, radium equivalent and internal hazard index due to radionuclide, of 238U, 232Th as well as 40K, which occurs naturally. This activity concentration was identified by gamma-ray spectroscopy (NaI(Tl)). The findings indicate that, the rate of activity concentration for Uranum-238, Thorium-232 and Potasium-40 in the medical plants were (4.953 0.37) Bq.kg-1, (2.916 0.12) Bq.kg-1 and (219.134 2.24) Bq.kg-1 respectively. The values of the radium equivalent ranged from (6.081 0.09) Bq.kg-1 to (44.608 0.46) Bq.kg-1 with the rate of (20.278 0.38) Bq.kg-1, while the values of the internal hazard index ranged from (0.016) to (0.135) with the rate of (0.060). The natural radionuclides and activity of the radium equivalent in the medical plant samples were far below the world for the ingestion of naturally occurring radionuclide provided in UNSCEAR 2000 report. Also there was calculated the internal hazard index for all samples that were less than unity. The samples under study were analysed and discharged, therefore they can no be consumed anymore.

Some radial atomic properties of Be-atom in different excited states (1s2 2s 3s, 1s2 2s 4s, 1s2 2s 5s) (1s) have been obtained using two electron density function
(r1,r2) in order to solve Hartree-Fock equations using slater type orbitals using partitioning technique within the individual electronic shells of different configuration of Be-atom in position space. Radial expectations values for one electron <  > and two electrons <  .   >, correlation coefficients τ , electron density at the nucleus (), the nuclear magnetic shielding constant σ,and The diamagnetic susceptibility χ have been calculated for these states of the same atom.

Background: Radon concentrations in fruits samples collected randomly from local markets in An Najaf, Iraq has been measured. Materials and Methods: Two passive detector (LR-115 type II nuclear track detectors) were used to measure the radon concentration in 9 fruit samples, in Iraq. Results: The radon concentrations measured by both tracks are found to vary from (18.51±8.28 Bq mG3) to (62.96±15.27 Bq mG3) with a mean value of (37.44±5.09 Bq mG3) and from (37.03±11.71 Bq mG3) to (100±19.24 Bq mG3) with a mean value of (55.55±6.83 Bq mG3), respectively. All values of radon concentrations for samples under study were found to be quite lower than the permissible value of (400 Bq mG3) recommended by (ICRP). Conclusion: From radiation protection purpose of read, it had been found that the fruits samples under study don’t cause any vital risk for the presence of 222Rn concentration and it’s thought of radiologically safe for human consumption.

In present study, natural levels of radon-222 in forty selected herbs with medicinal properties present in many stores throughout Iraq were measured to establish any potential radiation hazards. The Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors SSNTDs (CR-39) technique was used to determine these natural levels of radiation. The findings indicate that the radon concentrations ranged from 10.6602.07 Bq/m3 to 53.3034.64 Bq/m3 with an average 26.5373.21Bq/m3. These radon concentration values were lower than those reported in literature. These results show that consumption of the studied plants would impose no health threat to the consumers.

Abstract: Radon concentrations were measured in Kufa dwellings of the technical institute, Al-Najaf- Iraq using LR-115 type II plastic track detectors. Additionally, annual effective dose and the excess lifetime cancer risk for the aforementioned dwellings were calculated. The results demonstrate that the radon concentration ranged from 37.4±6.4 Bq/m3 to 55.7±12.0 Bq/m3 with an average of 46.2±8.2 Bq/m3. The latter is found to be closer to the acceptable radon levels (e.g., 200-300 Bq/m3) that recommended by ICRP (2010). The average value of the excess lifetime cancer risk were ranged from 8.09 million persons to 15.12 million persons with an average of 10.77±1.32 million persons. The obtained results are in good agreement with the published literature.

This study has been carried out to measure the specific activates and radiation hazard indices in soil samples at Hattin complex in Babylon government.The measurements have been done using spectral analysis technique for gamma-rayspectroscopy with scintillation detector.Three radionuclides have been detected in the selected samples Which included: radionuclide (214Bi) belonging to the uranium series ; radionuclide (208TI) belonging to the thorium series and the natural radionuclide (40K). The specific activity of radionuclides belonging to the uranium series(238U) in samples ranged between 5.15 to35.74 Bq/kg, with an average 16.07±2.89 Bq/kg and the specific activity of radionuclides belonging to the thorium series (232Th) ranged between5.95 to15.56 Bq/kg, with an average 9.60±0.954 Bq/kg. The nature radionuclide (40K) is detected in all samples too with specific activity ranged between235.63 to 363.67 Bq/kg, with an average271.42±11.60 Bq/Kg. The radiation hazard indices have been calculated in the present work which include: (Radium Equivalent Activity (Raeq), Absorbed Gamma Dose Rate (D ), external hazard index (Hext), internal hazard index (Hint), Representativegamma index (I ) and Annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) which include indoor, outdoor and totaleffective dose rate,), in addition to calculated excess life cancer (ELCR) in all samples under study. The average values of Raeq, D , Hex, Hin, I and AEDEtotal were 86.24 ±4.94 Bq/Kg, 26.47 ± 1.25 nGy/h, 0.144 ± 0.007, 0.188 ± 0.014, 0.408 ± 0.019 , 0.162 ±0.009 mSv/y respectively, while the values of ELCR were ranged between 0.438×10-3 to 0.700×10-3, with an average0.568×10-3±0.034. When comparing the results for the present work with Worldwide average, we found that the values were within the recommended values given by (UNSCEAR,1994 and UNSCEAR, 2008). In other words, The soil samples of Hattin complex were Safe for does and not constitute a danger or hazard to the citizens.

In this study aimed to put the basis for a baseline of concentration of investigations on the occurrence of natural and anthropogenic radioisotopes in Iraq, in thirteen canned samples of powdered milk, available in Iraq's markets, Radioactivity of the principal Naturally Occurring Radionuclides in anthropic and natural environments: 238U(226Ra), 232Th and 40K, have been measured by means of gamma ray spectroscopy with a NaI(Tl) detector. Also, fifteen canned samples of the most common firms of liquid milk have been investigated for detecting the presence of Radon with an innovative measurement technique by means of alpha spectrometry of Radon short-lived progenies using the RAD7 Radon-in-air analyser. In the samples of powdered milk, the measured specific activities of 238U(226Ra), 232Th and 40K range from 0.115±0.062 to 25.000±1.067 (Bq/kg), from 0.562±0.065 to 2.930±0.807 (Bq/kg), and from 104.171±2.984 to 461.351±8.450 (Bq/kg), respectively; Also, it has been found that, for the same samples, the Radium Equivalent Activity and the Internal Hazard Index for the above radionuclides range from 08.021 to 54.753 (Bq/kg), from 0.021 to 0.210, respectively. The average Total Effective Dose associated to the exposure due to annual intake of 238U(226Ra), 232Th and 40K from ingestion of powdered milk, has been estimated to be for children 397.36 μSvy- 1, 13.136 μSvy-1 and 173.271 μSvy-1, in the following age ranges (2-7y ,7-12y and 12-17y ) while for adults (over 17y) has turned out to be 35.381 μSvy-1, 3.083 μSvy-1 and 23.979 μSvy-1 , for the three different species of radionuclides, respectively. All these results for the average specific activities and the Radiation Hazard Indices of 238U(226Ra), 232Th,40K, have been compared with the reference limits recommended by UNSCEAR and found to be below those values. For the samples of liquid milk Radon activity concentrations have been measured with the new proposed technique and the resulting values vary from 59.2±5.4 to 237.3±10.9 (mBq/l) turning out to be lower than the reference limits indicated by the World Health Organization and by the regulatory bodies of European Union.

The radioactivity is invisible, tasteless and not mentioned on food labels; therefore, it must be measured the radionuclides levels in all food samples. Instant noodles were selected as the important food that is world wide used. Natural radioactivity and some radiological parameters of 13 instant noodles samples that available in Iraq supermarkets was determined using Gamma ray Spectroscopy method. The results showed the range of specific activity for Ra-226 from (2.382±1.128) to (31.918±3.374) Bq/kg with an average (14.98231) Bq/Kg; for Th-232 from (1.509±0.297) to (9.269±0.716) Bq/kg with an average (3.4421538) Bq/Kg and K-40 from (113.069±6.854) to (392.453±8.482) Bq/kg with an average (234.9235) Bq/Kg. While, the average results of Radium equivalent activity and internal hazard indices were (37.99370015 Bq/Kg and 0.143116), respectively. All specific activity (Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40) investigated in the noodle samples occurred within the threshold limit of UNSECR, (2000) standard (35, 30 and 400) Bq/kg, also Radium equivalent activity and internal hazard indices were lower than the worldwide average (370 Bq/Kg and 1), respectivly. Hence, caution should be taken in the successive consumption of these noodles to avoid diseases associated with the overtime accumulation of these heavy metals especially in samples where they appeared in relatively high amount.

This paper presents the measurements of thoron and the progeny in fifteen buildings in Kufa Technical Institute, Iraq, from June 2015 to April 2015 using RAD-7 detectors. Also, annual effective dose rate was calculated in all buildings under study.The thoron concentration varies from 05.35 ± 0.58 Bq/m3 to 53.50 ± 1.82 Bq/m3 with an average 18.39 ± 4.18 Bq/m3. The concentration of thoron daughters was found to vary from 0.14 mWL to 1.44mWL with an average 0.53 ± 0.11mWL. The annual effective doses due to thoron mainly vary from 0.042 mSv/y to 0.81mSv/y with an average 0.20 ± 0.06 mSv/y. The preliminary results in this study indicate that they may be suitable for evaluating the indoor 220Rn and its progeny concentrations whenever the public exposure to 220Rn and its progeny is taken into account. During this survey, the continuous difficulty in measuring thoron was also pointed out, due to its short half-life and faults in the measuring system.

In this work, concentrations of radon indoor were measured at 10 locations in Al-Kufa and Al- Najaf cities, using RAD-7 radon monitoring system of Durridge company USA. Some factors affecting on the radon factor have been studied such as times of day (morning, afternoon and evening) and seasons of year (winter, spring, summer and autumn). This study show that the radon concentration indoor increases at mornings, evenings, decreases at afternoon, also increases in winter and autumn, decreases in spring and summer.

Radon gas is a significant health threat linked to thousands of preventable deaths each year. In this research, radon concentrations are measured in 136tap water samples collected from 34different places of Baghdad city, Iraq, using the electronic radon detector RAD-7 (Durridge Co., USA). The results of radon concentration varies from (0.012) to (0.283) Bq/L with a mean value of (0.111) Bq/L. The annual effective dose in Ingestion (stomach) and Inhalation (lungs) per person for children and adult is also calculated. The total annual effective dose of children and adults were (5.676) and (2.838) μSv/y respectively. At last may be concluded, the results of radon concentrations and annual effective dose in all samples show no significant radiological risk for the inhabitants in the reign study.

Radon concentration measurements were performed in all 24 samples of ground water at four locations in Al-Haidariya hand in Najaf, Iraq, using active RAD-7 continual radon measuring instruments. The radon concentrations were measured at different time (0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120) hour for determining daily correction factor in groundwater samples using the least-squares fitting method. The experimental results show that the radon concentration at low and high time of measuring for all location in this study were varied from (1130±220 to 443±96.54) mBq/l at (l location), from (1180±184 to 339±66.14) mBq/l at 2 location, from (1049±166 to 542±90.65) mBq/l at 3 location and from (1270±190 to 625±86.32) mBq/l at 4 location, therefore the radon concentration increased with decrease time of measuring samples. The main finding of the least-squares fitting method investigation is that use present study, experimentally observed, the radon concentration can be determined theoretically by depending on the semprical formula which it was determined at different location. This study proved that can be determined radon concentrations in water using RAD-7 detector at any day of measurement depending on the daily correction.

Biscuits are an important type of food, widely consumed by babies in Iraq and other countries. This work uses gamma spectroscopy to measure the natural radioactivity due to long-lived gamma emitters in children’s biscuits; it also estimates radiation hazard indices, that is, the radium equivalent activity, the representative of gamma level index, the internal hazard index, and the annual effective dose in children. Ten samples were collected from the Iraqi market from different countries of origin. The average specific activities for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were 9.390, 3.1213, and 214.969 Bq/kg, respectively, but the average of the radium equivalent activity and the internal hazard index were 33.101 Bq/kg and 0.107, respectively. The total average annual effective dose from consumption by adults, children, and infants is estimated to be 0.655, 1.009, and 0.875 mSv, respectively. The values found for specific activity, radiation hazard indices, and annual effective dose in all samples in this study were lower than worldwide median values for all groups; therefore, these values are found to be safe.

Dust storm is a meteorological phenomenon common in Al-Najaf city of Iraq. This study investigates the presence of long-lived gamma emitters in dust storms samples, and estimates radiation hazed indices. Dust storm samples were collected from the Iraqi weather of 2013. After proper lab treatment, the samples underwent gamma spectroscopy, where the targeted radionuclides were 228U, 232Th, and 40K. The average of specific activity in the collected dust storms samples was found the range from (237.166±5.834) to (368.689±17.697) Bq/Kg with an average value of (308.168±46.124) Bq/Kg for 40K, 238U specific activity range from (11.531±2.080) to (34.997±2.683) Bq/Kg with an average value of (21.4775±8.406) Bq/Kg and 232Th specific activities range from (2.805±0.370) to (11.162±1.638) Bq/Kg with an average of (5.446±2.738) Bq/Kg and. The average value of the radium equivalent was found (52.994±13.041) Bg/Kg, while the average value of the external hazard index, internal hazard index , representative level index, absorbed dose in air and annual effective dose in outdoor were found (0.224±0.0569), (0.201±0.057) , (0.202±0.048), (26.384±6.263) nGy/h and (0.0324±0.007185 ) mSv/y respectively. The range value of the Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk was found from(0.0762194 ) to (0.144037637 ) with an average (0.1132494±0.025147 ). The obtained the Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk are found to agree with those reported in the international level.

Introduction. Wheat flour is a nutritious type of food that is widely consumed by various agegroups in Iraq. This study investigates the presence of long-lived gamma emitters in different type of wheat flour in Iraqi market. Materials and methods. Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th) and Potassium (40K) specific activity in (Bq/kg) were measured in (12) different types of wheat flours that are available in Iraqi markets. The gamma spectrometry method with a NaI(Tl) detector has been used for radiometric measurements. Also in this study we have calculated the internal hazard index, radium equivalent and absorbed dose rate in all samples. Result and discussion. It is found that the specific activity in wheat flour samples were varied from (1.086±0.0866) Bq/kg to (12.532±2.026) Bq/kg with an average (6.6025) Bq/kg for238U, For 232Th From (0.126±0.066) Bq/kg to (4.298±0.388) Bq/kg with an average (1.9465)Bq/kg and for 40K from (41.842±5.875) Bq/kg to (264.729±3.843) Bq/kg with an average (133.097) Bq/kg. Also, it is found that the radium equivalent and the internal hazard index in wheat flour samples ranged from (3.4031) Bq/kg to (35.1523) Bq/kg with an average (19.6346) Bq/kg and from (0.0091) to (0.1219) with an average (0.0708) respectively. Conclusion. This study prove that the natural radioactivity and radiation hazard indices were lower than the safe.

In this research, Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th) and Potassium (40K) specific activity in (Bq/kg) were measured in (12) different types of wheat flours that are available in Iraqi markets. The gamma spectrometry method with a NaI(Tl) detector has been used for radiometric measurements. Also in this study we have calculated the radiation hazard indices (radium equivalent activity and internal hazard index) and Ingestion effective dose in all samples. It is found that the specific activity in wheat flour samples were varied from (1.086 ± 0.0866) Bq/kg to (12.532 ± 2.026) Bq/kg, for238U, For 232Th From (0.126 ± 0.066) Bq/kg to (4.298 ± 0.388) Bq/kg and for 40K from (41.842 ± 5.875) Bq/kg to (264.729 ± 3.843) Bq/kg. Also, it is found that the of radium equivalent activity and internal hazard index in wheat flour samples ranged from (3.4031) Bq/kg to (35.1523) Bq/kg and from (0.0091) to (0.1219) respectively. But The range of summation of the Ingestion effective dose were varied from (0.0317) mSv/y to (0.5734) mSv/y. This study prove

Dust storms samples were collected at Iraqi weather of 2013. Radioactivity was measured using (NaI)Tl detector, specific activity levels due to 40K, 238U and 232Th were measured in eight samples. The average of specific activity in the collected dust storms samples was found the range from (237.166±5.834) to (368.689±17.697) Bq/Kg with an average value of (308.168±46.124) Bq/Kg for 40K, 238U specific activity range from (11.531±2.080) to (34.997±2.683) Bq/Kg with an average value of (21.4775±8.406) Bq/Kg and 232Th specific activities range from (2.805±0.370) to (11.162±1.638) Bq/Kg with an average of (5.446±2.738) Bq/Kg and. The average value of the radium equivalent was found (52.994±13.041) Bg/Kg, while the average value of the external hazard index, internal hazard index and absorbed dose in air were found (0.224±0.0569), (0.201±0.057) and (26.384±6.263) nGy/h respectively. Also in this study compared of results with international recommended values and found to be with in the international level.

In this work, Uranium concentrations in groundwater and soil samples from some areas of Al-Najaf city, Iraq were measured solid state nuclear track detector (CR-39) detector technique. The uranium concentration in groundwater samples was found to vary from (1.617782869±0.04342) μgl−1 to (5.079235843±0.137827) μgl−1, while in soil samples vary from (0.093558±0.000938) ppm to (0.184325±0.017511) ppm. This study showed that levels of uranium concentration in groundwater and soil of study area of were compared with safe limit values recommended by WHO and UNSCEAR below the safe limit .

Cement samples were collected from Iraq market. Radioactivity was measured using (NaI)Tl detector, specific activity levels due to 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured in 11 cement samples. The average activity concentration Bq/Kg in the collected cement samples were found the range from (17.027±4.609) to (95.436±5.565) Bq/Kg with an average value of (40.49391±3.09627) Bq/Kg for226Ra, 232Th specific activities range from (2.303 ±0.319) to (8.8159±0.366) Bq/Kg with an average of (4.79±0.3455) Bq/Kg and 40K specific activity range from (84.135±5.387) to (389.436±8.364) Bq/Kg with an average value of (275.8±5.763) Bq/Kg . The average value of the radium equivalent was found (68.21907) Bg/Kg, while the average value of the absorbed dose in air, external hazard index and internal hazard index were found (32.9866) nGy/h, (0.2937) and (0.184298) respectively. The results were compared with international recommended values and found to be with in the international level.

The specific activity of 238U, 232Th and 40K was determined in 60 soil samples were collected from sites around the uranium mine in the Abu - Skhair in Najaf province, Iraq. The samples were determined using NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectrometry system. Mean values for 238U, 232Th and 40K specific activity were found to be (77.33±5.85) Bq/ kg, (9.36 ± 0.97) Bq/kg, and (426.31 ± 21.35) Bq/kg respectively. The study also examined radium equivalent Raeq associated with the natural radionuclides for 60 soil samples with an average of 123.54 ± 8.88 Bq/kg. A comparison of the measured values with the corresponding worldwide average values shows that the most specific activity of 238U and 40K radionuclides in the studied samples are higher than world average activity values.

This study focuses on the evaluation of the natural radioactivity levels in ten samples of the detergent powders that available in Iraqi markets. We have determined the specific activities of uranium, thorium and potassium using gamma spectroscopy and calculation of radiation hazard indices. The results of the activities of radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) for detergent powders samples, are found that the 238U specific activities were varied from (11.489 ± 2.089) Bq/kg to (36.062 ± 2.478) Bq/kg, while the 232th specific activities were varied from (1.411 ± 0.609) Bq/kg to (9.272 ± 1.642) Bq/kg and 40K were varied from (8.189 ± 2.339) Bq/kg to (91.888 ± 4.164) Bq/kg. These values are always lower than those of raw materials, what is explained by the conservation of radioactive material throughout the manufacturing process. The radium equivalent activity Raeq, the external hazard index Hex and the internal hazard index Hin dose due to natural radioactivity estimated below the regulatory standard recommended which are (370 Bq/kg, 1 and 1) according to OECD 1979 and ICRP 2000, allows us to show that Detergent powders samples products are not contaminated by radioactivity, are healthy and do not have harmful radiological impact on the consumer.

In this research, the Uranium (U-238), Thorium (Th-232) and Potassium (K-40) with the specific activity (10) in some types of legumes that are available in the Iraqi market samples had been measured and the internal hazard index, radium equivalent and the annual effective dose of K-40 in all samples were determined. The gamma spectrometry method with a NaI(Tl) detector was used for radiometric measurements. It was found that the specific activity in legumes varied from 1.450±0.096 to 12.307±0.387 Bq/kg (average of 7.475 Bq/kg) for U-238, from 0.371±0.058 to 9.289±0.465 Bq/kg (average of 3.79941 Bq/kg) for Th-232, and from 64.096±1.037 to 603.397±8.757 Bq/kg ( average 385.2477 Bq/kg) for K-40. The results were compared with international recommended values and were found to be within the international level.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used for medical applications, because it ability to convert as colloidal solution, have no interaction with biotic tissue, low toxicity, easy in the detection, and thermally stabile. This study focuses on the treatment of prostate cancer by interaction the gamma ray (6 MeV) with Gold nanoparticles, without the extirpation of prostate. This method occurs in a minimum dose given for the patient for the improvement of radiotherapy that is used in prostate cancer treatment by depended on pair production phenomenon.

In this research , radon concentrations in drink water samples were measured in Kufa city – Iraq by using a technique called Durridge RAD7-H2O with closed loop. The studied sites on the map of Kufa city were determined by using GIS program. It was found that , the range of radon concentrations for the studied area between (3.9±0.0432- 226±8.876) Bq/m3, while the range of mean annual effective dose between (0.54834- 31.7756) μS.y-1. When the results were compared of radon concentrations with the internationally recommended reference levels (World health Organization limit 500 Bq/m3) and the mean effective annual dose for radon in drink water normal limits of world (1 mSv/y), there were no indications of existence of radon problems in the water sources in this survey. therefore the drinking water in Kufa city is safe as far as radon concentration is concerned.