علاء حسين عبد كاتب

This research presents a psychoanalytic study of the prominent Defence Mechanisms used by Characters Three and Ten in Reginald Rose’s play, Twelve Angry Men. Based on Freudian theory, the study explores how these two characters use the prominent defence mechanisms to maintain their psychological balance during a murder trial. The analysis shows that their behaviour is driven by hidden internal conflicts rather than logical evidence. Through focusing on these specific characters, the research fills a gap in previous studies which often focus on legal or social aspects rather than a Freudian psychological perspective. The research relies on analysing the play’s text through Freud’s concepts of defence mechanisms (Repression, Denial, Rationalisation, Displacement, and Projection) focusing on the role of Character Eight in dismantling these mechanisms by reconstructing the evidence. The analysis reveals that the collapse of these characters’ defences leads to an admission of reasonable doubt, which confirms the importance of psychological awareness in the justice process and adds to the academic discussion by shedding light on unconscious dynamics in drama.

This study aims to explore the theme of class struggle in Eugene O'Neill's The Hairy Ape through the lens of Marxism. The analysis focuses on the interaction between social classes, highlighting the alienation, exploitation, and ideological manipulation faced by the working class within a capitalist society. The significance of this study lies in its ability to clarify the understanding of class dynamics and ideological struggles within the framework of a capitalist society . By applying Marxist methodology, the study sheds light on the systemic forces of alienation and exploitation that define the experiences of the working class, offering valuable insights into how literature reflects social hierarchies. This analysis not only enhances the appreciation of O'Neill's artistic exploration of class and identity but also contributes to broader academic discussions on the intersections of literature, ideology, and power. Ultimately, the study underscores the enduring relevance of class struggle as a lens for interpreting both historical and contemporary social structures.

This paper aims to analyze Harold Pinter’s play Mountain Language (1988) depending on the process of Othering to reveal the atrocities of colonial ideology. The study explains how colonial characters veer the indigenous characters as savage, uncivilized, and incomplete humans (Other) in order for the colonial Self to appear as advanced, civilized, and fully human. It reveals how the process of Othering functions in showing the colonial Self and the colonized Other along the play. It also shows, from the interaction with the young woman, that the process of Othering is not synonymous with racism, sexism, or class but a way of addressing any of them. This paper is dependent, mainly in its methodology on the works of Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, and Sune Jensen. The study concludes that the process of Othering is used systematically by the colonial characters in order to produce the colonial Self as superior. Thus, the colonized characters submit to the process in order not to be harmed.

This paper explores the process of Othering in Wole Soyinka’s play Death and the King’s Horseman based on a Postcolonial study. It focuses on how the colonizers create their Self-image through different colonial practices in the colonized homeland. The analysis of the play is based on Edward Said’s concept of ‘Orientalism’ and Gayatri Spivak concept of ‘Othering’. This study explores how colonial powers control and shape societies in a way that serves their ambitions. Othering can be used as a tool to impose colonial control by diminishing the role of the cultural identity of the native people, dehumanizing them and treating them as less than human being ‘Other’ while the colonizers control the country’s wealth to serve their political, expansionist, and imperialist ambitions. This paper aims to analysis Soyinka’s play Death and the kings Horseman (1975) according to the process of Othering. The paper shows the Yoruba people’s struggles to defend their culture and identity against the colonizers strategies to subject them. This paper shows the colonizers attempt to create their advanced, pure Self-image over the colonized people who they consider as savage, less morally inferior and not fully human ‘Other’. Through Said ‘Orientalism’ and Spivak ‘Othering’, this study concludes that Othering is l a process that includes all the subaltern communities without any regard to geography race, or gender. Through the analysis, the study shows how the Pilkings could transform or subjugate the Yoruba people and make them the’ Other’ by preventing them from their traditions. By using the process of Othering, the Pilkings caused disastrous results at the end.

This paper aims to analyze the effects of discourse deviations in contemporary literature on the schema of readers/viewers, and on other characters in a certain literary work. The paper explains how certain characters in literary works can be compelling, challenging, and intriguing due to the different schemata they possess and project on their readers\viewers, and on other characters in the literary work as well. Christopher Nolan’s The Joker character in his screenplay, The Dark Knight, is a significant sample of how these effects take place. This paper discusses what makes The Joker a challenging character to the audience and the protagonist, and the ways in which The Joker creates schema refreshments. The paper concludes that through constant discourse deviations, The Joker allows the audience and the protagonist to make constant schema refreshment by altering language schemata, text schemata, or both of them. Thus, allowing the world schema of an individual to change consequently. These deviations, and the resulting schema refreshments make The Joker an intriguing, challenging, and compelling character to the audience.