Ahmed Basim Saadoon Al-Baghdadi

Abstract The present paper discusses the theme of ecological consciousness in American poetry with reference to the poetry of A.R. Ammons. It aims at highlighting Ammons's ecological perspectives in selected poems including: Prospecting, Sphere- the form of a Motion, Garbage, and Interval. The paper examines ecological themes and concerns such the relationship between man and nature, the identification with the natural world, the one-many problem and the circle of life in Ammons's poetry. It also illustrates the notion of eco-poetry and presents a brief introduction to its historical development in America.

Modern Aboriginal Australian Poetry reveals an epoch-making change in attitude towards the Aboriginal issues as presented through the lens of Aboriginal people. Aboriginality has always been presented through the White Australians or European invaders as nomadic and savage people that would give the legality for the White man to exploit their lands and people. Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920-1993), a writer and political activist who is most commonly known as the first Aboriginal poet to write poetry. She is also an active campaigner for Aboriginal civil rights. Noonuccal tried effortlessly to reveal pride in her Aboriginality to the wide range of audience, and to convey issues that killed her people like inequality and Aboriginal rights through her poems. Noonuccal strived to draw the intention of the world to the negative influence of European invasion and their technologies upon Aboriginal people and culture. Blended into her poetry is a reverence for the Aboriginal history, discrimination towards the Aboriginal people, calling for fighting back against the European settlers, demanding for maintaining the Aboriginal traditions and rituals and preserving the land and the environment.

This research is a study of neo-Victorianism in two postmodern novels Peter Carey's Jack Maggs (1997) and Llyode Jones's Mister Pip (2006). Neo-Victorianism is a new literary genre according to which the novelist rewrites old Victorian novels, but from new perspective such as post-colonial, feminist, and multi-cultural perspective. Therefore, the new work of fiction has a main desire which is to grant voice to old voiceless figures in the Victorian fiction like women, convicts, blacks, lower class people and others. Although neo-Victorianism revives Victorian content, but the form of the novel still reflects some features of postmodernism such as intersexuality, parody and pastiche. Thus, neo-Victorianism is unique in its combination of both Victorian and postmodern aspects in one work of fiction. To sum up, this research first illustrates the notion of neo-Victorianism and then analyses two novels written according to this genre: Peter Carey's Jack Maggs and Llyode Jones's Mister Pip in order to show how each novel rewrites the Victorian fiction in postmodern perspective.

الفيكتورية الجديدة هي تسمية تطلق على نوع أدبي جديد ظهر في رواية ما بعد الحداثة واكتسب الأضواء واهتمام النقاد إليه في ثمانينيات وتسعينيات القرن العشرين, وطبقاً لهذا النوع الأدبي الجديد يقوم الروائي بإعادة كتابة أعمال أدبية قديمة كُتبت في العصر الفيكتوري وإظهارها من منظورات جديدة كمنظور ما بعد الاستعمار ومنظور الحركة النسوية وغيرها, وبذلك فأن العمل الروائي الجديد للنص الأم يحمل على عاتقه إيصال رسالة معينه للقارئ غالباً ما تكون عن إظهار الظلم والتهميش اللذين تعرضت لها فئات كبيرة من المجتمعات في العصر الفيكتوري كالنساء والسود والمدانين وطبقات المجتمع الفقيرة وغيرها, ويقدم هذا البحث دراسة عن الفيكتورية الجديدة في رواية ما بعد الحداثة ثم يحلل هذا النوع الأدبي الجديد في رواية الحيازة: قصة حب للكاتبة الانكليزية انطوينا سوزان بايت.