احمد عبدالجبار جلوب الجنابي

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health problem. They are caused by bacteria from the environment getting into the urinary tract. A total of 118 urine samples were collected from 102 patients (Men and Women) with UTIs admitted to a general hospital in AL-Najaf City, Iraq, between October to 2022 and February 2023. Standard laboratory methods were used to culture urine and to diagnose all bacterial isolates that were grown on laboratory media. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Out of a total of 118 urine samples there were 106 urine samples with positive bacterial growth and 12 urine samples without bacterial growth. E. coli was the most predominant bacteria with 50 isolates, K. pneumoniae 18, P. mirabilis 13, S. saprophyticus 10, S. aureus 9, E. faecalis 6. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were good resistance to amoxicillin 25 μg and Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 25/10μg. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were good resistance to penicillin 6 μg and ampicillin 10 μg. The most effective antibiotic was imipenem 10μg, which inhibited all bacterial growth.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health problem. They are caused by bacteria from the environment getting into the urinary tract. A total of 118 urine samples were collected from 102 patients (Men and Women) with UTIs admitted to a general hospital in AL-Najaf City, Iraq, between October to 2022 and February 2023. Standard laboratory methods were used to culture urine and to diagnose all bacterial isolates that were grown on laboratory media. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Out of a total of 118 urine samples there were 106 urine samples with positive bacterial growth and 12 urine samples without bacterial growth. E. coli was the most predominant bacteria with 50 isolates, K. pneumoniae 18, P. mirabilis 13, S. saprophyticus 10, S. aureus 9, E. faecalis 6. Gram-negative bacterial isolates were good resistance to amoxicillin 25 μg and Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 25/10μg. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were good resistance to penicillin 6 μg and ampicillin 10 μg. The most effective antibiotic was imipenem 10μg, which inhibited all bacterial growth.

SUMMARY. The aim of this study is to measure the blood levels of the biomarkers CXCL-13 and CCL- 20 in people with Helicobacter pylori. The study's participants were 30 healthy controls and 70 H. pyloriinfected patients. Using an ELISA test, CCL-20 and CXCL-13 levels in each person's serum were examined. CXCL-13 and CCL-20 serum level was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in H. pylori patients than in controls. Conclusions: A potential biomarker for H. pylori infection might be CXCL-13 and CCL-20. RESUMEN. El objetivo de este estudio es medir los niveles en sangre de los biomarcadores CXCL-13 y CCL- 20 en personas con Helicobacter pylori. Los participantes del estudio fueron 30 controles sanos y 70 pacientes infectados con H. pylori. Usando una prueba ELISA, se examinaron los niveles de CCL-20 y CXCL-13 en el suero de cada persona. El nivel sérico de CXCL-13 y CCL-20 fue significativamente mayor (P≤0.05) en pacientes con H. pylori que en los controles. Conclusiones: Un biomarcador potencial para la infección por H. pylori podría ser CXCL-13 y CCL-20.

SUMMARY. This study comprised a total of 53 patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and 30 healthy persons. Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) serum concentration was measured using an ELISA. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to patients infected with non-MDR M. tuberculosis and healthy persons, patients infected with Multidrug resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis had significantly higher blood concentrations of NCAM. These findings showed that NCAM is crucial for amplifying and controlling humoral immunity in M. tuberculosis duo patients by working in synergy with B-cell natural killer cells.

SUMMARY. This study comprised a total of 53 patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and 30 healthy persons. Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) serum concentration was measured using an ELISA. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to patients infected with non-MDR M. tuberculosis and healthy persons, patients infected with Multidrug resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis had significantly higher blood concentrations of NCAM. These findings showed that NCAM is crucial for amplifying and controlling humoral immunity in M. tuberculosis duo patients by working in synergy with B-cell natural killer cells

SUMMARY. The aim of this study is to measure the blood levels of the biomarkers CXCL-13 and CCL- 20 in people with Helicobacter pylori. The study's participants were 30 healthy controls and 70 H. pyloriinfected patients. Using an ELISA test, CCL-20 and CXCL-13 levels in each person's serum were examined. CXCL-13 and CCL-20 serum level was significantly higher (P≤0.05) in H. pylori patients than in controls. Conclusions: A potential biomarker for H. pylori infection might be CXCL-13 and CCL-20.

The study aimed at the prevalence of pyelonephritis and its association with some kidney diseases, function or structure, in Iraq, specifically in the province of Najaf, for a period of 16 months, from 2/1/2022 to 1/5/2023, where 1255 samples of males and females of different ages were collected, and the patients were divided into several groups depending on time, gender, residence, age and disease. Regarding the disease, there are individuals who only have pyelonephritis and their number was 277 (18%), while the rest of the patients were 1028 (82%) who had kidney problems, whether functional or immunological, which is kidney failure and renal syndrome, kidney transplantation and lupus erythematous. The most common is pyelonephritis associated with renal failure or insufficiency, with a number of 768.)%95( Also, the results showed that the month of April for the year 2022 obtained the most samples, with a number of 109 (8.69%) samples. with regard to gender, females were generally more susceptible to infection than males, reaching 55%. As for housing, most patients lived in urban areas. In contrast to rural areas, where their percentage was low (40%), and therefore people should be educated and urged to review the hospital and specialist doctors when they feel any symptoms related to the kidneys, so that they do not suffer from failure later.

Background: Salmonellosis is enteric disease caused by Salmonella typhi (S.typhi). Humans are infected with it and it is transmitted through contaminated foods. Objective: The aim of the current study is to compare between two Interleukins (IL-1 and IL-2) levels in patients serum infected with S.typhi. Patients and methods: A case control was conducted in our university hospital. The study included 60 patients with Salmonellosis and 30 healthy individuals as controls. ELISA technique was used to determine the concentrations of IL-1 and IL-2 in the serum of all individuals with acute and chronic typhoid based on a positive blood culture and IgM/IgG test. Results: A total of 33 patients with acute infection and 27 with chronic infection have been diagnosed. IL-1 and IL-2 in acute and chronic infections were higher than in the control group (P values <0.0001 and <0.032, respectively). Conclusions: Humans with Salmonellosis have higher serum levels of IL-1 and IL-2 depending on the severity and duration of the illness and may be used as a diagnosis marker.

Schiff base, Azo-Schiff base, nickel (II), and copper (II) complexes have been prepared successfully from 4-amino antipyrine and vanillin and diagnosed by UV-visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The derivative compound Azo-Schiff with a 200 mg/ml concentration has good antibacterial activity with a diameter of inhibition zone 16.11 ± 0.1035 mm and 13.21 ± 0.4044 against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), respectively. Therefore, this compound may be considered a raw material for manufacturing treatments against these bacterial infections.

This research involved synthesizing two compounds as derivatives of 2-naphthol by the classical method. The azo coupling compound was prepared via diazonium salt of 4-amino acetophenone followed by 2-naphthole. The azo-Schiff molecule was synthesized through condensation of an azo compound with 5-amino salicylic acid in an acidic medium. Using spectrum approaches, the new compounds are characterized (13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, FT-IR). The acid-base characteristics were investigated at various pH levels (0.67-12), and the ionization and protonation constants were determined. Spectroscopic methods were used to identify new copper (II), nickel (II), and cobalt (II) complexes of the azo-Schiff base ligand. All the compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria). It was found that the coordination complexes of Cu and Co had an antibacterial effect on both concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus.

Since Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) only manifests as a trophozoite stage during sex, it is typically transmitted during sex as a trophozoite. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of copper, iron, and Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in vaginitis patients. Between July and November 2021, 355 suspected patients who visited the AL-Zahra maternity and pediatrics laboratory in the AL-Najaf region (Iraq) and 30 healthy respondents of the same age participated in the study. According to the manufacturer's instructions, the ELISA technique was used to measure the levels of three biomarkers in serum (copper, iron, and ECP). On the other hand, the colorimetric approach was used to measure the copper concentration. The investigation showed that in the blood sample of T. vaginalis-infected patients, the amounts of copper and iron considerably decreased (P > 0.05). In contrast, the serum levels of ECP considerably increased (P > 0.05) when compared to the control group. As a result of the T. vaginalis infection, copper levels in the blood are dramatically impacted, according to the current study's findings. The current study results suggested that the T. vaginalis infection alters serum iron and ECP concentrations, significantly affecting copper levels in the blood.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, based on various risk variables for sex years. From October 2015 to March 2021, samples were collected from suspected patients in the AL-Hakeem hospital and AL-Zahra maternity and paediatrics clinics in AL-Najaf province; stool samples were collected into clean, wide-mouth specimen bottles from suspected patients, and freshly voided stool specimens were processed and examined microscopically for intestinal paralysis. The current investigation found that 44 out of 44 (9.77%) patients were infected after detecting cyst and trophozoite of G. lamblia. The infection rate is proportional to the size of the family. Children from tiny families had the lowest infection rate (18.3%/15/82) and 18.3% (15/82). (4 persons). The infection rate gradually increased as family size grew, reaching 83.3 percent (5/6) in children from big households (12 persons). Based on the chi-square test, it was discovered that family size is non-significantly (P > 0.05) connected with pinworm infection.

Background & objective: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most gram positive dangerous pathogenic bacteria cause tuberculosis (TB) and cause hundreds deaths in worldwide especially in developing countries such as Iraq. This epidemiological study aim to verify the prevalence of Mtb in Baghdad Governorate during 12 months carried out under supervisor of Specialized Center for Chest and Respiratory Disease in Baghdad Governorate from January 2019 to January 2020. Materials & methods: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis has been diagnosed by acid fast stain and GeneXpert® heminested real time PCR for simultaneous detection of MTB and rifampicin (RIF) resistance as Multi-Drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-Mtb). Results: The results proved there were 812 patients infected with Mtb; 288 (35.4%) in AL-Karkh side and 524 (64.6%) in AL-Rusafa side; 446 male (54.9%) and 366 female (45.1%). The age group 15–34 was the most infected 330 patients (40.6%) and there was no high seasonal variation in Mtb infections. Out of total 812 patients there were 90 patients (11.1%) infected with MDR-Mtb.

Background & objective Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria cause stomach cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4+) and Cluster of Differentiation 8 (CD8+) in patients infected with stomach cancer caused by H. pylori. A total of 79 individuals (male and female) 18 to 60 years old have been included in this study; 30 healthy individuals as control, 29 patients infected with H. pylori and 20 stomach cancer patients infected H. pylori. Materials & methods CD4+ and CD8+ have been measured in serum of all 79 individuals using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results There was significant increase (P-value < 0.05) in serum concentration of CD4+ and CD8+ in stomach cancer patients infected with H. pylori as compared with healthy individuals. The same result has been detected in stomach cancer patients infected with H. pylori as compared with patients infected with H. pylori only. While, there was no significant differences between serum concentration of CD8+ in stomach cancer patients infected with H. pylori and patients infected with H. pylori only.

Twenty nine patients infected with H. pylori and 20 infected with H. pylori and stomach cancer as well as 30 healthy individuals as control was included in this study. Cluster of Differentiation 19 (CD19) and Galectin-3 were measurement in serum of all individuals using Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay technique. The results indicated that the serum concentration of CD19 and Galactin-3 in H. pylori-patients and stomach cancer patients has been significantly increased (P-value ≤ 0.0001) as compared with control. Also, a significant increase has been detected in CD19 (P-value = 0.0035) and Galectin-3 (P-value = 0.0022) in stomach cancer patients infected with H. pylori as compared with H. pylori-patients. Conclusion: B-cell and Galectin-3 have an important synergism role in H. pylori-patients infected with stomach cancer and the high level of Galectin-3 is a good early indicator in stomach cancer in H. pylori-patients.

Schiff base, Azo-Schiff base, nickel (II), and copper (II) complexes have been prepared successfully from 4-amino antipyrine and vanillin and diagnosed by UV-visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. The derivative compound Azo-Schiff with a 200 mg/ml concentration has good antibacterial activity with a diameter of inhibition zone 16.11 ± 0.1035 mm and 13.21 ± 0.4044 against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), respectively. Therefore, this compound may be considered a raw material for manufacturing treatments against these bacterial infections.

tuberculosis (Mtb) and cause many deaths every year worldwide especially in developing countries and activate the humoral and cellular immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD56 and CD19 as diagnostic and immune markers in patients infected with Mtb. A total number of 26 patients infected Mtb and 27 patients infected with Multi-Drug resistance Mtb (MDR-Mtb) and 30 healthy individuals were included in this study. Mtb has been diagnosed by acid fast stain and MDR-Mtb were diagnosed by GeneXpert® heminested real time PCR for simultaneous detection of Mtb and rifampicin (RIF) resistance as MDR-Mtb. Serum concentration of CD56 and CD19 has been measurement by Enzyme-Linked Immune-sorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Results of this study showed a significant increase in the serum concentration of CD56 (P value = 0.0001) in Mtb-patients (1.95 ± 0.08 ng/ml) as compared with healthy individuals (1.17 ± 0.09 ng/ml). The same significant increases in the serum concentration of CD56 (2.24 ± 0.12 ng/ml) was reported in MDR-Mtb patients as compared to the healthy individuals. On the other hand, there was significant increase (P value 0.003) in serum concentration of CD19 in Mtb-patients as compared with MDR-Mtb-patients. Results of the study can be concluded that Mtb and MDR-Mtb infection stimulates the cellular and humoral immune response which resulted in the increased production of CD56 and CD19.

Abstract---A case-control study was carried out in Al- Sader Medical City in AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq, during period from 1/9/2021 to 1/3/2022. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Antigen Rapid Test Cassette (Feces) has been used to diagnosis all patients infected with H. pylori. All patients with duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer have been diagnosed by a physician using an endoscope and biopsy, respectively, in the department of tumors at AL-Sader Medical City. The results proved that there were 27 patients; 11 male (40.7%) and 16 female (59.3%) infected with H.pylori. Age group 20-30 was the highest infected with H.pylori (14 patients, 51.9%) followed by 31-40 (8 patients 29.6%), 41-50 (4 patients 14.8%) and 51-60 (1 patient 3.7%). Conclusions: Helicobacter Pylori may cause the most cases of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer in patients that infected with this bacterium.

One thousand nine hundred and twenty individuals admitted to the general teaching hospital in Balad City, suffer from abdominal pain, fever, a headache and nausea. Acute and chronic Typhoid-patients caused by S.typhi were diagnosed according to positive blood and stool culture respectively, and using serological test IgG/ IgM. Out of total 1920 individuals, we documented 312 typhoid-patients caused by S.typhi; 209(67%) in urban and 103(33%) in rural region and there were 263(84%) acute cases and 49(16%) chronic. The results recorded 180(57.7%) male and 132(42.3%) female and the age group 31-40 was the most infected with 130 cases (41.7%). There was high incidence of typhoid fever in quarter three and two which recorded 96 (30.8%) and 95 (30.5%) cases respectively. In conclusion: There was high prevalence of typhoid fever in urban than rural in Balad City and acute infections were dominant. The most cases were in middle age groups in hot seasons.

A case-control study was carried out in the General Teaching Hospital in Balad City, Iraq. Eighty-eight male and female were included in this study; 58 typhoid-patients infected with S.typhi and 30 healthy individuals as controls. Acute typhoid-patients have been diagnosed according to positive blood culture and IgM and chronic typhoid-patients have been diagnosed according to positive stool culture and IgG. Four immunological markers have been measured in all individuals' serum; interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 17 (IL-17), cluster of differentiation 8 (CD 8) and cluster of differentiation 22 (CD 22) using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). We diagnosed 32 and 26 patients infected with acute and chronic infection respectively, the results proved a significant increase (P-value=<0.05) in all markers in acute and chronic infections as compare with control. A significant differences P-value (0.0003 and <0.0001) has been proved between acute and chronic infection in IL-4 and IL-17 respectively. While, there was no significant differences P-value ( 31.0 and 3100) between acute and chronic infection in CD8 and CD22 respectively. Conclusions: IL-4, IL-17, CD8 and CD22 serum levels increase in typhoid-patients caused by S.typhi in humans. IL4 and IL-17 increase dependently on the duration and severity of the disease, while CD8 and CD22 increase in both acute and chronic infection without significantly increasing between them.

Most people around the world are infected with Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori); it can lead to duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric cancer (GC). The main objective of this study is to determine the correlation between CD14 and CD163 in individuals with DU and GC infected with H.pylori. Sixty nine individuals were included in this work; 27 patients infected with H.pylori only (H.Pylori+), 22 patients infected with H.pylori with DU and 20 patients infected with H.pylori with GC. CD14 and CD163 were measured in all individuals' serum using the Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) test. The results proved there was negative correlation between CD14 and CD163 in H.pylori-positive patients (y= -0.0263x+1.4179). While, there was positive correlation in H.pylori-positive patients with DU (y= 0.0932x+1.6647) and with GC (y= 0.0607x + 1.9824). In conclusion: CD14 and CD163 have a synergistic protected effect in H.pylori-positive patients with DU and GC.

Nearly half of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori). A duodenal ulcer or stomach cancer can be caused by the infection by this bacterium. The aim of this work is to assess the levels of CD14 and CD163 in H.Pylori-positive patients infected with duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric cancer (GC) and determine the prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori-oncogenic protein cytotoxin-associated gene A strains (H.pylori-CagA). This study included 89 individuals distributed as follows: 20 healthy individuals as controls and 69 patients infected with H. Pylori have been divided as follows: 27 patients infected with H.pylori only (H.Pylori+), 22 H.pylori+DU and 20 H.pylori+GC. H. Pylori-oncogenic protein cytotoxin-associated gene A strains (H-pylori-CagA) were diagnosed based on a qualitative reverse-phase Enzyme Immunoassay Technique. CD163 and CD14 were measured in all individuals' serum using the Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) test. Out of 69 patients infected with H.pylori, there was one CagA strain in H.pylori+; two and five strains were recorded in H.pylori+DU and H.pylori+GC, respectively. CD14 and CD163 serum concentrations were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in H. pylori+, H. pylori+DU and H. pylori+GC than in controls. Conclusions: Patients with CagA strains infection are at risk of developing a duodenal ulcer and stomach cancer. CD14 and CD163 may serve as potential biomarkers for assessing the severity of H.pylori infection. The presence of elevated levels of CD14 and CD163 might be used as an early indicator of duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer in patients infected with H.pyloti.

Background: pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the most global dangerous infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most infectious agent that caused PTB transferred by air droplets from one person to other. In the present epidemiological study, we aimed to record the total numbers and percentages of patients infected with PTB caused by Mtb during 12 months in AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Methods: This study has been done in 2019 from January to the end of December in the north and south region of AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Sputum of PTB-patients has been stained by Ziehl–Neelsen to Mtb diagnosis according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. Results: We recorded 174 PTB-patients in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019; 89 male and 85 female; 101 and 73 in the north and south sections respectively. The age group 16-24 was the highest infected. Quarter two recorded the highest numbers of PTB-patients; 33 (60%) in the north section and 22 (40%) in the south section. Conclusion: There was low PTB incidence in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019 but the Youngers were the most susceptible to infection. Infection in the north section was higher than in the south section and there were no high differences between genders. Seasons have no high effect on the number of infections.

Antimicrobial resistance is becoming an arising global issue. Until recent years, more than 50% of commercially available antibiotics were ß-lactam. Pathogenic bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics include all ß-lactams except for cephamycin and carbapenems. This study aimed to evaluate some ß-lactams and carbapenems antimicrobials resistance in Klebsiella oxytoca. In total, 177 urinary tract infection samples were collected for the purposes of the study. Isolates were identified using morphological features and routine biochemical testing. All isolates were tested for susceptibility to 11 antibiotics using the usual disc diffusion method. The result showed that 155 (87.57%) and 20 (11.29%) out of 177 collected urine samples were gramnegative bacterial isolates and gram-positive bacterial isolates, respectively. The findings also showed that there were two samples (1.12 %) with no growth. The results proved no susceptibility to Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Ceftazidime, Penicillin, Piperacillin with a resistance rate of 100%.

Preparation of Schiff bases compounds (A, B, and C) in absolute ethanol using concentrated phenyl hydrazine and various aromatic aldehydes such as (4-chlrobenzaldehyde aldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, N, N-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde). Melting point, FT, has been used to classify these compounds (A, B, and C). The reactions phases and series were studied using IR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography (TLC) (ethyl acetate: toluene, 1:4). Three derivate compounds were used as antibacterial activity in this study. The results proved that all derivative compounds provided good inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa especially in concentration 300mg/ml of derivative compound C with diameter inhibition zone 21.433±0.676 and 625.33±0.796 respectively.

The current study was carried out for the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of five antimicrobial resistance-associated genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from burn infection patients. Total one hundred three (103) bacterial samples (strains) were isolated from the 103 burn infection patients admitted at Middle Euphrates Burns Center of AL-Kufa City Iraq. Out of total isolated bacterial samples (103), there were 31 isolates (30%) identified as Pseudomonas sp., 23 isolates (22.3%) as K. pneumonia, 22 isolates as Staphylococcus sps. (21.4%), 11 isolates as E. coli (10.6%), 8 isolates as Acinetobacter sps. (7.8%), 5 isolates as Enterobacter sps. (4.9%), while the lowest prevalence (3 isolates) was reported for the Proteus spp. (3%). The antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that all isolated K. pneumoniae have resistant (100%) against standard antibiotic Amoxicillin. While Imipenem is the only antibiotic that can inhibit the growth of all 23 isolates. Further, according to the phenotypic detection method, there were 14 isolates (61%) capable of production of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL). Genotypic method to detect the presence of five antibiotic resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction proved that 13 isolates (56.5%) were Tem gene, 18 isolates (78.2%) were positive for Shv gene, 8 isolates (34.7%) were positive Ctxm gene, three isolates (13%) were positive for Oxa gene and 10 isolates (43.7%) positive for AmpC gene. Results of the study can be concluded that K. pneumoniae is the second causative agent that causes burn infection and has higher antibiotics resistance. Extended spectrum beta lactamase of K. pneumoniae was higher prevalence in burn infection and harbored many beta lactamase genes.

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, intracellular, microaerophilic bacteria which causing Peptic ulcer. This bacterium can change its shape which helps the bacteria to survive in the host gastric microenvironment. The Peptic ulcer caused by this bacterium stimulates the humoral and cellular immune response in individuals. The current study was carried out to access the role of interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and cluster differentiation-22 as immune markers in the identification of H. pylori infection. The presence of H. pylori has been diagnosed by feces test (antigen rapid test). In this study, the presence of three immunological markers viz., IL-2, IL-4, and CD22 were measured in the serum of 60 individuals infected with H. pylori and 30 healthy individuals by the Enzyme-Linked Immune-sorbent Assay method. Results of this study indicated a significant increase (P-value=0.0307*) in the concentration of IL-2 (294.27ng/ml), IL-4(151.28ng/ml), and CD22 (492.73ng/ml) in the serum of individuals infected with H. pylori while these concentrations were reported 235.98ng/ml, 116.14ng/ml and 369.33ng/ml respectively in the healthy individuals. Results of the study can be concluded that H.pylori infection stimulates the Cellular and humoral immune response which resulted in the increased production of IL-2, IL-4, and CD22.

Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S.typhi) is one of the most important gram negative bacteria that cause enteric fever and stimulate the immune response in infected patients. This study aimed to compare the humoral and cellular immune responses in patients infected with S.typhi. For this, the concentration of three immunological markers viz., Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), Cluster of Differentiation 19 (CD19), and Interleukin 23 (IL-23) were measured by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in the serum of 54 S.typhi infected patients, and 31 healthy individuals. The results demonstrated a significant increase (P =<0.05) in the serum concentration of MIF in patients infected with acute infection of S. typhi compared with healthy individuals but there were no significant differences in chronic infection. While there was a significant increase (P =<0.05) in serum concentration of CD19 and IL-23 in patients infected with acute and chronic infection of S.typhi as compared with healthy individuals. In conclusion, macrophage migration inhibitory factor plays a vital role in patients infected with acute infection of S. typhi and has no synergism with T-cell and B-cell in acute and chronic infection.

Azo compounds contain two aromatic rings separated by an azo (-N=N-) link. These are versatile molecules that have garnered a lot of interest in both basic and applied research. In this work, synthesis of some Azo dyes derivatives by coupling P-cresol with diazonium salts obtained from p-chloroaniline and p-methoxyaniline. The structure of the synthesized compound has been characterized by using techniques like UV-Vis Spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the antimicrobial activity of these synthesized dyes compounds was examined by using the disc diffusion method against gram negative and gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which have been isolated from the patients of wound infection. Further, synthesized compounds showed moderate to significant inhibitory effect at the selected concentrations against the tested microorganisms. The results of antibacterial activities demonstrated that compound p-chloroaniline had good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa at the concentration of 300 mg/ml with 8.079 mm and 6.16 mm inhibition zone, diameter respectively. This study synthesized two new compounds viz., p-chloroaniline and p-methoxyaniline, and among these two p-chloroaniline has good anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus. Therefore, this can serve as a new compound for the manufacture of ointment to treat wound infections.

A common cause of the urinary tract is Proteus mirabilis. This microorganism has many factors of virulence. Proteus mirabilis may express adhesins, flagella, toxins, enzymes, quorum sensing, and factors for immune avoidance. This pathogen is determined as an opportunistic pathogen responsible for many infections like urinary tract infections (UTIs) and nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients and who suffer from various diseases.

In alcohol and diabetes mellitus patient populations, Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with pneumonia. Usually, the bacterium colonizes the human oropharynx and GI mucosal surfaces. Klebsiella pneumoniae has been extensively studied and a beta-lactamase that induces antibiotic beta-lactam ring hydrolysis has been shown to develop. Human beings represent K. pneumoniae as the main reservoir. Relationship between multidrug resistance and epidemiological study of K. pneumoniae in hospital environment.There are (5%-38%) of individuals in the population have the organism in their stomach and (1%-6%) in the nasopharynx.Additional research on resistance and survival mechanisms for K. pneumoniae can inform infection prevention and control strategies to decrease K. pneumoniae transmission. Klebsiella pneumoniae was an urgently defined threat in the rise of multi-drug-resistant hospitals and hyper virulent strains. The appearance of these hazardous isolates and their global distribution has left very few therapeutic options to clinicians and determined one of the essential strains of nosocomial infections.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the etiological agents most recovered from nosocomial infections. This opportunistic pathogen can produce one of the main virulence factors for a thick layer of biofilm that enables the bacterial to bind to living or abiotic surfaces that lead to drug resistance. A total of 283 urine samples (191 female and 92 male) were obtained from patients in Al-Sadr Hospital. The sample collection period was between May 2020 and December 2020.The diagnosis of isolates is focused on morphological characteristics and traditional biochemical tests; then the isolates were checked for resistance up to 14 identified antibiotics, depending on the standard disc diffusion method. The result proved that the antimicrobial resistance rate of the 74 isolates to amoxicillin was high (74 isolates 100%), while the bacterial isolates exhibit high susceptibility rate with imipenem (97.3%)

Heterocyclic compounds contain five-six-and seven-membered rings and have heteroatoms of oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) or sulfur (S). According to the previous, synthesized of new organic compound such as tetrazoles, Pyrimidines and Oxazepine. The results proved that tetrazoles and Pyrimidines have good antibacterial activity while thermo properties for Oxazepine compounds are results indicated that stability to it. Electron removal decreases reaction rate and increases time, while electron reaction donation increases reaction rate and decreases reaction time.

Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, and Cytomegalo virus are the most microorganisms cause deferent innless worldwide. The main aim of this work is investigation the prevalence of these three infectious agents in Alnajaf City, Iraq. Blood samples were taken from 198 different areas of Najaf Governorate, Iraq for ages from 1 Day to 40 years (males and females) during the period from 2/1/2020 to 30/4/2020. Out of 198 different patients with abortion 153 patients were positive to one or all of following pathogens : Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, and Cytomegalovirus where the most acute incidences (IgG) with 74 infections (48.3%) to (Cytomegalovirus and Rubella virus) infections, followed by 27 infections (17.6%) to (Cytomegalovirus) infections and 25 infections (16.3%) to (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, and Cytomegalovirus) infections, there were 13 infections (8.49%) to (Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus) infections, while the chronic infections (IgM) were belonged to (Toxoplasma gondii ) 11 infections (7.18%) and 3 infections (1.96%) were to (Toxoplasma gondii and Cytomegalovirus) infections.

Enteric fever caused by Salmonella typhi (S.typhi) is one of the most dangerous diseases in developing countries. The main aim of this work is study the immunological role of Galectin3 and CD16 in human infected with S.typhi. A total number of 60 outpatients infected with acute IgM and chronic IgG S.typhi were included in this study, serum concentration of Galectin3 and CD16 were measurement by Enzyme-linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) for each patient. The results proved that there was significant increase (P = &lt; 0.0001***) in serum concentration of CD+16 between patients with acute S.typhi (IgM) (17.760 ± 0.72773 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (13.690 ± 0.36638 ng/ml). Also, there was significant increase (P = &lt;0.0001***) in serum concentration of CD+16 between patients with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (20.348 ± 1.1848 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (13.690 ± 0.36638 ng/ml). Also; there was significant increase (P = 0.0011**) in serum concentration of Galectin3 between patients infected with acute S.typhi (IgM) (9.1485 ± 0.30444 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (7.1058 ± 0.50831 ng/ml) and there was significant increase (P value= 0.0004***) between patients infected with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (9.5004 ± 0.38143 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (7.1058 ± 0.50831 ng/ml). Conclusion: Natural killer cell (CD16) and Galectin3 have an important immunological role in patients infected with acute and chronic S.typhi infection. Therefore, Galectin3 and natural killer cell have synergistic immunological effect against S.typhi infection.

This research involves synthesis of some chalcones derivatives from 4-hydroxyacetophenone as starting material : The derivatives of chalcone compounds [A,B and C] has been prepared by reaction benzaldehyde derivatives like [N,Ndimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 3-methoxy4-hydroxybenzaldehyde,4-bromobenzaldehyde] with 4-hydroxyacetophenone .the compound [A,B and C ] derivatives. These compounds [A, B and C ] has been characterized by melting points, [FT.IR] spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography technique (TLC) has been used for reactions steps and sequence by using solvent [benzene : methanol, 4:1]. Biological activity test for three derivative compounds was done according to antibacterial activity test against two multi-drug resistance aerobic pathogenic bacteria: Escherichia coli (E.coli) as gram negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) as gram positive bacteria with four concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml) for each derivative compounds. The derivative compound C with concentration 200 mg/ml had best antibacterial effect against E.coli and S.aureus with inhibition zone diameters 18.383 ± 0.45182 and 16.700 ± 0.26457, respectively.

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is one of the most important pathogenic gram-negative spiral bacterium, it has a helix shape, infects gastric mucosa and cause sores called peptic ulcers in the lining of human stomach or the upper part of small intestine. Methods: A total of 60 out-patients infected with H.pylori were included in this study, smokers and nonsmokers, male and female, age rang 20-60 years old. Serum concentrations of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD+4), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB) in patients with H.pylori were measured by Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Results: Serum concentration of CD4 in patients with H.pylori was in high level (3.4458 ± 0.40140 ng/ml) with significant increase (P-value=0.0061) as compared with healthy individuals (control) (1.8052 ± 0.24851 ng/ml). Also, there was significant increase (P-value=0.0003) in serum concentration of MIF in patients with H.pylori (62.467 ± 1.5900 ng/ml) as compared with control (52.124 ± 2.5918 ng/ml). Serum concentration of NF-kB in patients with H.pylori was in high level (7.3333 ± 0.64266 ng/ml) with significant increase (P-value= < 0.0001) as compared with control (3.0657 ± 0.56401 ng/ml). On the other hand, the results proved that there was significant increase (P-value= 0.0028) in serum concentration of NF-kB in male smokers with H.pylori (9.9169 ± 0.83749ng/ml) as compared with nonsmokers male with H.pylori (5.1227 ± 1.2265 ng/ml). Conclusions: Humoral and cellular immune response together plays an important role in patients with H.pylori. Nuclear factor kappa consider as a risk factor in smokers patients with H.pylori it can be considered as an early diagnosis for stomach cancer.

Background: Salmonella Typhi (S.typhi) is one of the most important gram negative bacteria cause salmonellosis in worldwide. Materials and method: A total number of 60 outpatients infected with acute IgM and chronic IgG S.typhi were included in this study, serum concentration of CD4 and CD154 were measurement by Enzyme-linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) for each patient. Results: There was significant increase (P= <0.0001***) in serum concentration of CD+4 between patients with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (15.389 ± 0.46736 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (12.453 ± 0.30593 ng/ml) and there was significant increase (P value=0.0273***) in serum concentration of CD+4 in patients with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (15.389 ± 0.46736 ng/ml) as compare with serum concentration of CD+4 in patients with acute S.typhi (IgM) (13.883 ± 0.47338 ng/ml). Also, There was significant increase (P= <0.0001***) in serum concentration of CD+154 between patients with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (40.042 ± 1.5676 ng/ml) and healthy individuals (29.662 ± 0.84867 ng/ml). On the other hand, there was significant increase (P= 0.0393*) in serum concentration of CD+154 in patients infected with chronic S.typhi (IgG) (40.042 ± 1.5676 ng/ml) as compare with serum concentration of CD+154 in patients with acute S.typhi (IgM) (33.937 ± 2.4333 ng/ml). Conclusion: T-helper cell have an important immunological role in patients infected with chronic S.typhi infection due to activated of protein CD145 on antigen presenting cell. Therefore, CD4 and CD145 have synergistic immunological effect against S.typhi infection.

Background: Interleukin-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Materials and methods: A total number of 53 patients infected Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 30 healthy individuals as control were included in this study. Serum concentration of Interleukin 12 were measurement by Enzyme-linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) for each patients and control. Results: The results proved that there was significant increase (P value <0.0001) in serum concentration of Interleukin-12 in total patients infected with new infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0.011866± 0.0006 ng/ml) as compared with healthy individuals as control (0.0051351± 0.0002 ng/ml) and there was significant increase (P value <0.0001) in serum concentration of Interleukin-12 in total patients infected with multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0.0084277 ± 0.0004 ng/ml) as compared with healthy individuals as control (0.0051351 ± 0.0002 ng/ml). Also, the results demonstrated that there was significant increase (P value <0.0001) in serum concentration of Interleukin-12 in patients infected with new infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0.011866 ± 0.00067ng/ml) as compared with patients infected with multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (0.0084277 ± 0.00044 ng/ml). Conclusion: Interleukin-12 plays an important key in immunological role in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection due to T-helper1 and T-helper 2 responses controlled by the beta receptor subunit of Interleukin-12. Therefore, Interleukin-12 has good immunological role to limited of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is one of the most dangerous gram-positive bacteria cause many deaths in every year worldwide especially in developing countries. A total number of 53 patients infected M. tuberculosis and 30 healthy individuals were included in this study. Serum concentration of CD56 and CD19 were measurement by ELISA. The results showed that there was significant increase in serum concentration of CD56 and CD19 in patients infected with MDR M. tuberculosis as compared with patients infected with non-MDR M. tuberculosis and healthy individuals. These results suggested that B-cell (CD56) and natural killer cell (CD19) play an important role in patients with M. tuberculosis duo to amplified and regulate the humoral immunity by positive synergism effect between B-cell natural killer cell.

Schiff bases derivatives are one of the most important compounds that have been used in many biological applications such as antimicrobial activity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two of the most important pathogenic bacteria that cause wound infection in Iraq and many developing countries. This research involves a synthesis of some Schiff bases compounds [A1 – A3] that were prepared from the condensation of [4- chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde] in absolute ethanol. All of these compounds are characterized by [FTIR] spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity test was done according to agar well diffusion method for all derivative compounds with a concentration of 100 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml for each compound. The derivative compound A3 with a concentration of 200 mg/ml had an excellent antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of inhibition zone of 18.417 ± 0.54645 and 16.000 ± 0.57735, respectively. Schiff bases derivatives synthesis compounds in this study (A1 and A2) can be considered as suitable antibacterial materials and can be used as raw materials to the synthesis of new ointment.

Background: In many countries, urinary tract infection (UTI) considered as one of the most recurrent problem caused by many types of multi-drug resistance bacteria. Objective: Phenotypic detection of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram negative bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Al-Kufa City, Iraq. Materials and methods: One hundred and five urine samples were collected from patients infected with UTI. Kirby-Bauer method was done to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility testing for each bacterial isolate. Results: One hundreds of four bacterial strains were grown. Escherichia coli (E.coli) is the most prevalence one 46 (43.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) 29 (27.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) 14 (13.3%), Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii) 11 (10.5%) and 5 urine samples (4.8%) were without growth. The antibiotic imipenem had excellent effect against most isolates. While, third generation cephalosporins and amoxicillin provided low antibacterial effect against most bacteria. Conclusions: Urinary tract infection caused by gram negative bacteria became big problem due to their ability to resist many classes of antibiotics. Therefore, must be make antibiotic susceptibility test recurrently to avoid this problem.

Abstract. This study includes formation Schiff bases compounds [A1- A3] were synthesis from raction4-aminoantipyrine with many aromatic aldehydes [4- chloro benzaldehyde , 4-bromo benzaldehyde and 2-hydroxy1-naphthaldehyde] in absolute ethanol. These compounds [A1-A3] has been characterized by melting points, [FT.IR] spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography technique (TLC) has been used for reactions steps and sequence by using solvent (ethyl acetate:toluene,1:4). Antibacterial activity test was done according to agar well diffusion method against two types of multi-drug resistance of bacteria isolated from patients with infection of urinary tract. Three concentrations were prepared for each compound (50, 100 and 150) mg/ml. The results proved that derivative compound A3150 mg/ml provided the best antibacterial activity against K.pneumoniae with inhibition zone diameter 21± 0.25mm and against C.freundii 22± 0.5mm as compared with other derivatives compounds.

The current study is trying to identify some effects of scabies on some vital indicators such as (ECP, IgE, MCP-1 and IL-17). The results showed that levels of ECP has significant increase (P<0.05 (9569.3 ±256.10 pg /ml), (9872.9± 260.50) respectively in comparison with the control group (7665.2 ± 385.72 pg /ml), (7834.1± 251.43 pg /ml) respectively, The result proved that there was the significant increase (P (9721.1 ±181.15 pg /ml), (7749.7± 226.75) respectively in concentration of (ECP) in patients with S. scabiei and total healthy individuals. The levels of IgE had significant increase (P (284.8 ±34.05 IU / ml), (249.85± 13.682 IU /ml) respectively in comparison with the control group (119.5 ± 11.24 IU /ml), (108.77± 8.3 IU /ml) respectively. The result indicate that there was significant increase (P (267.134 ±18. 334 IU /ml), (114.13± 6.94 IU /ml) respectively in concentration of (IgE) in total patients infected with S. scabiei and total control group. The levels of MCP-1 has significant increase (P (271.76 ±29. 88 pg /ml), (246.983± 27.57 pg /ml) respectively in comparison with the control group (153. 27 ± 21.071pg/ml), (154.67± 22.973 pg /ml) respectively, Also it revealed the significant increase (P (259.29±20. 22 pg /ml), (153. 97± 15.21 pg /ml) respectively in concentration of (MCP-1) in S. scabiei patients and total healthy individuals. IL-17 had significant increase (P (16.318 ±0. 71 pg /ml), (16.847± 0.58 pg /ml) respectively in comparison with the control group (5. 6009 ±0. 45 pg/ml), (5.2023± 0. 35 pg /ml) respectively. The current study shows that there was significant increase (P (16.583±0. 45pg /ml), (16.4016± 0.28 pg / ml) respectively in concentration of (IL-17) in total patients infected with S. scabiei and total healthy individuals. The levels of IL-2 had significant increase (P (21.14 ±0. 8081 pg /ml), (21.800± 1.0644 pg / ml) respectively in comparison with total healthy individuals (7. 447 ±0. 2422 pg/ml), (7.7235± 0. 1716 pg /ml) respectively, Also it revealed the significant increase (P (20.972±0. 6626pg /ml), (7.5853± 0.1480 pg /ml) respectively in concentration of (IL-2) in total patients infected with S. scabiei and total control group. Conclusions: the results indicate that infection of scabies influences on the human immunity represented by the ECP, IgE MCP-1 and IL-17 in patients infected with scabies and may be used as good biomarkers in detection of scabies.

Abstract- Background: Urinary tract infection is one of the most important diseases infect all individuals groups mainly elderly women and men worldwide. Objective: The aim of the present study was to detect the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from elderly patients infected with urinary tract infection in Al-Najaf City, Iraq. Materials and methods: A total of 120 urine samples were collected from elderly patients infected with UTI in Al-Najaf City, Iraq. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was done according to Kirby-Bauer method. Results: One hundred and twenty six of different Gram-Negative bacterial strains were isolated. E.coli was the most predominant bacteria followed by K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. freundii , E. aerogenes and P. mirabilis .Most bacterial isolates were highly resistant against most antibiotics especially against amoxicillin and third generation cephalosporin’s. While, imipenem provided best antibacterial effect against most isolates Conclusions: This study demonstrated that most bacterial isolates from elderly patients with urinary tract infection became highly resistant to most antimicrobials.

This work involves preparation of a series of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives. In the first step, the reaction of N-acetyl-5H-dibenzo [b,f] carboxamide with different benzaldehyde derivatives to yield chalcone compounds A-D was carried out. In the second step, compounds A-D reacted with 4,4’ sulfonylbis(azidobenzene) (G) to produce 1,2,3-triazole derivatives A1-D1. All the prepared compounds were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and melting point, some of them were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), spectroscopy analysis

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) caused by multi-drug resistance and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing gram-negative bacteria has been increased in different countries. The aim of the present study was to detect the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the distribution of Bla-TEM, Bla-SHV and Bla-CTX-M genes in gram-negative bacte-ria isolated from outpatients infected with UTI, with and without CKD in Al-Najaf city, Iraq. Methods: A total of 120 non-duplicate urine samples were collected from outpatients (37 male and 83 female) infected with UTI in Al-Najaf city, Iraq; 60 samples from pa-tients Without Kidney Disease (WKD) and 60 samples from patients with CKD. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was done according to Kirby-Bauer method. PCR technique was performed to investigate the prevalence of Bla-TEM, Bla-SHV and Bla-CTX-M genes. Results: A total of 126 different gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated. Esche-richia coli (E. coli) was the most prevalent bacterium (49 isolates) followed by Idebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) (35 isolates), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. ae-ruginosa) (18 isolates), Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii) (12 isolates), Enterobocter aer-ogenes (E. aerogenes) (8 isolates) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) (4 isolates). All bacterial isolates from UTI patients with CKD were resistant to antibiotics and carried Bla-TEM, Bla-SHV and Bla-CTX-M genes more than isolates from UTI patients with WKD. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that all bacterial isolates from UTI patients with CKD were more virulent than isolates from UTI patients with WKD.

Objectives: This research involves synthesis of some chalcones derivatives from Acetophenone as starting material. Methods: The derivatives of chalcone compounds [Ch1-Ch4] has been prepared by reaction benzaldehyde derivatives like [4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy1-naphthaldehyde. 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde] with acetophenone.the compound [Ch1,Ch2 and Ch4] enter reaction with urea ,thiouria and guanidine to product pyrimidine derivatives. These compounds [Ch1-Ch4] has been characterized by melting points, [FT.IR] spectroscopy, H1NMR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography technique (TLC) has been used for reactions steps and sequence by using solvent [benzene: methanol, 4:1]. Antibacterial activity test of three derivative compounds (Ch1a, Ch2b and Ch4c) were done against two multi-drug resistance pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients infected with burn infection. Results: The results proved that Ch4c compound with concentration 200 mg/ml provided best antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameter 22.62 ± 0.1551 mm and 24 mm against staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.

New imidazole azo ligand (DPIDA) was prepared by coupling reaction between 4,5-di phenyl imidazole and N1,N1-dimethylbenzene1,4-diamine di hydrochloride and studied the complexation of this ligand with Mn(II) , Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) , and Hg(II) ions , The free ligand and it’s complexes characterized by Mass, 1HNMR, IR, UV-Vis. , and molar conductivity that indicated the octahedral geometry of them with a bidentate ligand which coordinated from (N3) atom of imidazole ring and one nitrogen atom of azo group.Biological activity of ligand (DPIDA) and it's complexes tested against two multi-drug resistant aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with a burn. Three concentrations were selected (50, 100, 150) mg/ml for each crud synthesized derivative compounds. The derivative compound (4,5-diphenyl imidazole) with concentration 150mg/ml had an excellent antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibition zone 21.83 ± 0.1764 mm and 24.30 ± 0.4163 mm respectively.

Citrobacter freundii is one of the most causative agents of urinary tract infection in human due to their high antimicrobials resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of Citrobacter freundii to resist to fifteen antimicrobials. A total of 461 urine samples were collected from patients infected with urinary tract infection, females and males, age groups between 18 to 60 years old performed in Al-Najaf central hospital in Al-Najaf City, Iraq, during April to December 2018. Antimicrobials susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method according to the Kirby-Bauer method onto Mueller Hinton agar surface. There were 30 isolates (6.5%) diagnosed as Citrobacter freundii. Antimicrobial resistance rate of the 30 isolates to Amoxicillin and Chloramphenicol were all high (25 isolates 83.4%), Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin and Sulfonamide (24 isolates 80%). The good resistance rate was observed for Penicillin, Amoxiclav and Ceftazidime (21 isolates 70%). The moderate resistance rate was observed for Cefotaxime (19 isolates 63.3%), Ceftriaxone (20 isolates 66.7%), Gentamicin (15 isolates 50%), Tobramycin (18 isolates 60%) and Erythromycin (20 isolates 66.7%). The lowest resistance rate was observed for Tetracycline (19 isolates 63.3%). While Imipenem provided full antibacterial activity (30 isolates 100%). Of the total 30 isolates, 22 (73.3%) were multi-drug resistance, 8(26.7%) extensive-drug resistance and no isolates were pan-drug resistance. While 19 isolates (63.3%) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Citrobacter freundii. Citrobacter freundii has highly resistant against most antimicrobials and became more dangerous bacteria cause urinary tract infection.

Abstract: Citrobacter freundii is one of the most important pathogens that cause urinary tract infection in human because it harbors many types of antimicrobials resistance-associated genes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance-associated genes citrobacter freundii isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Al- Najaf governorate-Iraq. A total of 30 strains of citrobacter freundii isolated from urine samples of patients with urinary tract infection in Al-Najaf central hospital in Al-Najaf City, Iraq, during April to December 2018. Polymers chain reaction technique was used to detect the presence of antimicrobial resistance-associated genes. From the 30 strains of citrobacter freundii, 15 strains (50%) were positive for bla-tem gene, 16 strains (53.3%) were positive for bla-shv gene, 21 strains (70%) were positive for bla-ctxm gene, 3 strains (10%) were positive for bla-ctxm-1 gene, 6 strains (20%) were positive for bla-ctxm-2 gene. Interestingly, it should be noted that no any strain form the 30 we tested was carrying pse1, bla-ctxm-8, bla-ctxm-9 or bla-ctxm-25 genes. Our data showed that 19 strains (63.3%) were positive for cat1 gene, 9 strains (30%) were positive for cat2 gene and 4 strains (13.3%) were positive for cat3 gene. On the other hand, 17 strains (56.6%) were carrying qnrA gene, 11 strains (36.6%) were carrying qnrB gene and aac(6')- Ib-cr gene. Also, the results proved that there were 7 strains (23.3%) being positive for sul1 gene and 11 strains (36.6%) were positive for sul2 gene. We also found 22 strains (73.3%) being positive for strA-strB gene and 4 isolates (13.3%) were positive for aacC1 genes. No strain carrying aacC2, tetA and tetB genes was identified. Citrobacter freundii harbor large numbers of different antimicrobial resistance-associated genes that enable this pathogen to escape the effect of antibiotics which make this bacteria highly resistant causing urinary tract infection.

Objective: Matricaria chmomilla is one of the most important medical plants use in both developed and developing countries to treat many infections. The main aim of this study was to investigate the ability of an aqueous extracts of Matricaria chmomilla flowers to inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria isolated from pregnant women with urinary tract infection. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was carried out at the laboratory of microbiology in Al-Najaf central hospital in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq during March to December 2017. A total of 600 urine samples were collected from 600 pregnant women (age range 25-35 y old) infected with urinary tract infection. Kirby-Bauer method was performed for antibiotic susceptibility testing. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antibacterial activity of cold and boiling water extracts of M. chmomilla flowers in three concentrations (50, 100 and 150) mg/ml. Results: Out of 600 urine samples, 654 bacterial strains were isolated. Escherichia coli was the most predominant bacteria (278 isolates, 42.5%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (201 isolates, 30.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (112 isolates, 17.1%), Enterobacter aerogenes (23 isolates, 3.5%), Citrobacter freundii (18 isolates, 2.8%), Proteus mirabilis (12 isolates, 1.8%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10 isolates, 1.6%). Imipenem 10 μg was the best antimicrobial against all bacterial isolates. Hot water extract (150 mg/ml) has excellent anti-bacterial activity against all bacterial isolates, the inhibition zone diameters of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, E. aerogenes, C. freundii, P. mirabilis and S. saprophyticus were 29.3 ± 0.2, 26.3 ± 0.4, 26.3 ± 0.2, 28.3 ± 0.3, 29.3 ± 0.1, 29.3 ± 0.5 and 28.3 ± 0.2, respectively and there was non-significant differences (P-value>0.05) between imipenem 10 μg (positive control) and 150 mg/ml of hot-water extracts. Conclusion: Matricaria chmomilla flowers may be considered as a raw material for the manufacture of new drug for treatment of urinary tract infection in human.

The aim of the current study was to epidemiological detection of patients infected with scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei during the period from March 2017 to February 2018 in Iraq, Al-Najaf Governorate. A total of 1112 patients were infected with scabies, 602 (54.1%) were men and 501 (45.9%) were female and 419 patients (37.7%) were lived in urban areas and 693 patients (62.3%) were lived in rural areas. Age group 31-40 y old was the most prevalent group (379 patients, 34%) infected with scabies. February 2018 was the highest month in infection (187 patients, 16.8%) and May 2017 was the lowest month in infection (25 patients, 2.2%). In conclusions: In Iraq, there are high numbers of individuals infected with scabies without any health care especially in rural areas. Scabies is more prevalent in cold and warmth seasons in males as well as females among age group 30-40 y old. Therefore, scabies is still an important health problem in Iraq as a neglected disease.

Objectives: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is one of the most important silent diseases frequently infect women in worldwide. Aims: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolated from older women with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Materials and methods: A total of 263 culture positive bacterial isolates from 862 urine samples were collected from older women (60-70 years old) admitted to Al-Najaf hospital in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq during January 2016 to December 2017. All bacterial isolates were identified according to standard microbiological tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done according to method by Kirby-Bauer. Results: Out of 263 culture positive urine samples, Escherichia coli was the most dominant bacterial isolates 109 (41.44%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 85 (32.32%), Acinetobacter baumannii 32 (12.16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 (6.84%), Serratia marcescens 11 (4.18%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus 8 (3.06%). Among all antimicrobials, Imipenem 10 μg showed the highest activity (100%) against E. coli, S. marcescens and S. saprophyticus isolates While, Amikacin 30 μg showed the highest activity (100%) against S. marcescens only. Most bacterial isolates 240 (91.3%) were multi-drug resistance (MDR), 16 isolates (6%) and 7 isolates (2.7%) were extensive drug-resistance (XDR) and pandrug- resistance (PDR), respectively. Conclusions: There were many older women infected with asymptomatic bacteriuria caused by bacteria with high resistant to different antimicrobials; therefore, the antimicrobial sensitivity test must be done periodically.

Background: Burn infections are one of the most common serious illnesses caused by pathogens, mainly by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this study was to detect of the prevalence of multi-drug resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) bacteria isolated from inpatients with burn infection and the antimicrobials sensitivity patterns of all bacterial isolates during three years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Al-Najaf Central Hospital in Al-Najaf City, Iraq from January 2015 to December 2017. A total of 295 burns swabs were collected from hospitalized patients with burn infection. All grown bacterial isolates were identified by standardized microbiological tests. Antimicrobials susceptibility testing was done using the disc diffusion method. Multi-drug, extensive-drug and pan-drug resistant bacteria and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria were determined according to standardized methods and guidelines. Results: Of the 295 burn swabs, 513 different bacteria strains were isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common bacteria with 142 isolates (27.6%) followed by methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus 106 isolates (20.6%), while Staphylococcus typhi was the least common bacteria with only 17 isolates (3.3%). 323 (63%) different bacterial strains were isolated from patients who stayed in hospital for 15 days. Most bacterial isolates were resistant to most antimicrobials with high percentages. Out of the 513 bacterial isolates; only 33 isolates (6.4%) were resistant to imipenem 10µg and 464 isolates (90.4%) were multi-drug resistant, 20 isolates (14%) were extensive-drug resistant and 17 isolates (3.3%) were pan-drug resistant. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common ESBL-producing bacteria (51 isolates-35.9%). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in burn infection in Al-Najaf hospital. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common multi-drug resistant bacteria, and the most common of ESBL bacteria causing burn infection over the three years.

Background: Scabies is one of the most important epidemic diseases in developing countries infecting males and females especially in rural areas. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cellular immune response in patients infected with scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei depended on the measurement serum concentration of T-helper cell (CD4+) and T-cytotoxic cell (CD8+). Materials and Methods: Sixty patients (30 male and 30 female) infected with chronic scabies were included in this study and 30 healthy individuals were considered as control group. CD4+ and CD8+ levels in serum of patients and healthy individuals were measurement by using ELISA device. Results: The results proved that there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum concentrations of CD4+ and CD8+ as compared with control group. On the other hand, the results demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between CD4+ and CD8+ (R2 = 0.0301). Serum concentration of CD8+ was higher than CD4+ with significant increase (P value=0.0001). Conclusion: Human infected with S. scabiei lead to induce higher amounts of Th and Tc cells due to the high levels production of CD8+ and CD4+ in serum of patients.

Abstract: Objective ― Alkanna tinctoria (A. tinctoria) which is one of the most important medical plants worldwide, has been reported to have antimicrobial activities against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Material and Methods ― To investigate the ability of four different concentrations of cold-water and hot-water extracts of A. tinctoria roots to inhibit growth of 395 isolates of drug resistance bacteria isolated from patients with burns infections during the period of June 2015 to June 2016 in Iraq. Evaluation of A.tinctoria roots aqueous extract antibacterial activity (cold and boiling water) was done by use of agar well diffusion method. Results ― The results proved that out of 395 total bacterial isolates there were 321 (81.3%), 37 (9.4%) and 11 (2.8%) isolates with multi-drug resistance (MDR), extensive drug resistance (XDR) and pan-drug resistance (PDR), respectively. Also, the results revealed that 300 mg/ml of the hot-water extract was the best effective inhibitor of the growth, it’s inhibited growth of all MDR, XDR and PDR bacteria, the inhibition zone diameter for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (132 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (99 strains), methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (72 strains), methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (41 strains), Escherichia coli (32 strains), Acinetobacter baumannii (11 strains) and Proteus ssp. (8 strains) were 28.44±0.11 mm, 28.46±0.25 mm, 28.53±0.24 mm, 28.37±0.12 mm, 27.88±0.09 mm, 28.001±0.001mm, and 27.59±0.23 mm, respectively. All inhibition zones diameter were not significantly different (P>0.05) from that for imipenem 10 mg, chosen as positive control. Conclusion ― From the overall results obtained it is evident that the hot-water extract (300 mg/ml) of A. tinctoria roots has excellent anti-bacterial activity against bacteria associated with burns infections. A. tinctoria roots may be considered as a raw material for the manufacture of ointment for treatment of burns infections.

In the present study 442 infected patients by Sarcoptes scabiei were investigated. This study was carried out during the period from March to August 2017 in Al-Kufa City, Iraq. The results obtained showed that out of total infected patients there were 239 males and 203 females with prevalence (54%) and (46%), respectively. The highest incidence of infection was recorded in May 2017 (83 patients, 18.8%) followed by April (81 patients, 18%) June (73 patients, 16.5 %), March (70 patients, 15.9 %), July (69 patients, 15.6 %) and August (66 patients, 15%).

The main aim of this study is to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the prevalence of two extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes (bla-SHV and bla-TEM) in 80 K. pneumoniae isolates from older of inpatients (smokers and non-smokers) infected with chronic pneumonia in AL-Najaf hospital, Iraq. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of 80 isolates proved that K. pneumoniae were 100% resistance to amoxicillin and nitrofurantoin. While K. pneumoniae was resistance to Amoxiclav with percentage 88.75% , Cefotaxime 86.25% , Ceftriaxone 92.5% and Ceftazidime 85%. On the other hand, K. pneumoniae was resistance to Gentamicin, Amikacin , Tobramycin and Tetracycline with percentage 72.5%, 61.25%, 51.25% and 73.75% respectively. All K. pneumoniae isolates from smokers of inpatients were highly resistance to most antimicrobials as compare with those isolates from non-smokers. Also, the results proved that there were 73.75% isolates were multi-drug resistance, 15% isolates were extensive-drug resistance and 11.25% isolates were pan-drug resistance. The results of genotypic detection proved that there were 45 isolates (56.25%) were harbored bla-TEM , 31 isolates (38.75%) were harbored bla-SHV gene and 18 isolates (22.5%) were harbored both two genes. Most K. pneumoniae isolates from smokers of inpatients were harbored antimicrobials associated genes more that those isolates from non-smokers. In conclusions: K. pneumoniae isolates from older smokers of inpatients infected with chronic pneumonia were more virulent than those isolates from non-smokers and we must be careful because these bacteria may be transferred to other healthy persons.

Introduction: Vaginal abscess in pregnant women caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most important disease, this infection is still medically uncontrolled because of poor health awareness due to the absence of personal hygiene in some women. Aim: This study is aimed add evaluation of immune response in pregnant women infected with acute vaginal abscess caused by S.aureus and T.vaginalis due to the determination of four biomarkers level; Interleukin13 (IL-13), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) and Lactoferrin. Materials and Methods: This is a case control study was done in AL-Zahra hospital in AL-Najaf City, Iraq from January 2017 to November 2017. 120 pregnant women were included in this study, 30 women infected with S. aureus, 30 women infected with T. vaginalis, 30 women infected with both pathogens (inclusion criteria in this study) and 30 healthy pregnant women as control. All other cases were excluded from this study. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used in this study to estimate biomarkers level in serum of pregnant women infected with acute vaginal abscess. Results: The results of the current study proved that there was significant increase (P <0.05) in IL-3, PGE2 and TGF-β1 levels in serum of women infected with acute vaginal abscess caused by S.aureus, T.vaginalis and both pathogens as compared with control; while, there was significant decrease (P <0.05) in lactoferrin level in serum of pregnant women infected with T.vaginalis as compared with women infected with S.aureus and control. Conclusion: The synergistically pathogenic effect of S.aureus and T.vaginalis in pregnant women infected with acute vaginal abscess lead to activation of T-cell and overproduction of IL-3, PGE2 and TGF-β1 as a good signaling markers against infection. In contrast, this synergistic effect leads to reduction of lactoferrin level in the same women. That mean these women may be susceptible to acute anemia that may be lead to abortion.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa considered of one of the most dangerous opportunistic bacteria worldwide, live in hospitals and other environments such as sewage water and soil and cause different infections include pneumonia, liver abscess and burns infections that may lead to death. Pseudomonas aeruginosa characterized by it’s highly resistance to antibiotics and it has several virulence genes make this pathogen is able to invade of human and animal. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate of antibiotics susceptibility pattern and genotypic detection of virulence gens in P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical and environment sources. Materials and Methods: This is a case control study, a total of 120 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from two sources; 60 isolates were collected from sputum of patients with pneumonia and 60 isolates were collected from sewage water. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was done according to Kirby-Bauer method for ten antibiotics and phenotypic test of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was done according to synergistic effect between four antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction technique was performed to detect the prevalence of six virulence-associated genes; Pap A, Fim H, feoB, iutA, hly and kpsMTII. Results: All 120 isolates (100%) were resistance to Amoxicillin. While, Imipenem was the best efficient antibiotics against clinical isolates (7 out of 60, 11.6%) and sewage water isolates (2 out of 60, 3.3%). Out of 60 clinical isolates, there were; 55 isolates (91.6%) were Multi-drug resistance (MDR), 9 isolates (15%) Extensive-drug resistance (XDR), 1isolates (1.3%) Pan-drug resistance (PDR) and 18 isolates (30%) were ESBL-producing isolates. While, out of 60 sewage water isolates, there were; 41 isolates (68.3%), 5 isolates (8.3%) and 1 isolate (1.3%) were MDR, XDR and PDR, respectively, and 11 isolates (18.4%) were ESBL-producing isolates .The Pap A, Fim H, feoB, iutA, hly and kpsMTII genes were prevalence in clinical isolates with percentages 91.6%, 100%, 80%, 95%, 20% and 100% respectively, while the same genes were prevalence in sewage water isolates with percentages, 51.6%, 68.3%, 41.6%, 35%, 3.3% and 5% , 41.6% respectively. Conclusions: There was significant increase in antibiotics resistance between clinical and sewage water isolates of P. aeruginosa. While, there was high significant increase in the prevalence of virulence genes in clinical isolates as compared with sewage water isolates. This study suggested that there was positive correlation between the high prevalence of virulence-associated genes and increase of antibiotics resistance in P. aeruginosa isolates.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria, its gram negative, bacilli, non-motile and causative agent of many diseases, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bacteremia, burns and wounds infections and pyogenic liver abscesses. Pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae is due to many virulence genes can encoded many virulence factors that allow it to attack the immune system of mammalians and cause many kind of diseases, some of these virulence factors are: biofilm formation, hypermucoviscosity, capsule synthesis, adhesions, iron uptake and lipopolysaccharides formation. Objective:The aim of this study was to an overview study about the role of some gens in pathogenicity of K.pneumoniae. Conclusions: The study concluded that rmpA, wabG , uge , Ycfm , fimh1, EntB , Ybt-irp2 and kfu genes have an important role in classic pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to detect 10 virulence genes in 50 Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with different infections. Methodology: Different phenotypic assays and multiplex PCR were used to detect virulence genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to 14 antimicrobials types by disk diffusion method. Results: The most common virulence gene was feoB (98%) and at lower prevalence were genes eaeA and stx1 (4%). Escherichia coli strains were highly resistant to most antimicrobials. Conclusion: Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with bacteremia were highly virulence and more resistance to antimicrobials than those isolated from other sites.

Objectives: Resistance of antimicrobials by different pathogens is a dangerous problem in developing countries. Therefore we design this study to identify the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria that cause different infections in Al-Kufa Central Hospital – Iraq and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these pathogens. Methods: Five hundred and seventeen bacterial strains were isolated from different infections (urinary tract infections 171, burns infections 238, respiratory tract infection 55 and blood infection 53). Eleven antimicrobials disc were used to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity by disc diffusion method. Results: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most predominate bacteria (122 isolates) followed by K. Pneumoniae (96 isolates), E.coli (64 isolates), S. pyogenes (59 isolates), S. aureus (51 isolates), S. pneumoniae (48 isolates), Proteus. spp. (47 isolates) and Salmonella spp. (14 isolates). All bacterial strains were highly resistant to most antimicrobials with percentage between 90% to 100%.There were 459 bacterial strains (91.61%) were multidrug resistant. Conclusions: This study proved that the predominant bacteria of burns infections and urinary tract infections were P. aeruginosa followed by K. Pneumoniae. Gentamicin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin are a drug of choice for treatment of these infections.

Abstract: Background and Objective: Burns infections and urinary tract infections are the most important prevalent diseases in Asian countries, such as Iraq. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most important bacteria cause this type of infections especially in hospitals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of multi-drug resistance K. pneumoniae and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing K. pneumoniae isolates from inpatients with urinary tract infection and burns infections in Al-Kufa hospital in Al-Najaf province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 285 clinical samples were collected from in-patients infected with urinary tract infection (141 urine samples) and burns infections (144 burns swabs). Fourteen different antibiotics were used by disc diffusion method and 13 antimicrobials resistance genes were used by PCR technique. Results: A total of 43 K. pneumoniae strains were isolated. The highest resistance rate was observed for amoxicillin 25 μg and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid 20+10 μg (97.67%) while the lowest resistance rate was observed for imipenem 10 μg (9.30%). The most common resistance associated-genes were blaSHV (86.04%) and at lower prevalence were IMP (9.30%). Conclusion: Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from burns infections were more virulent than those isolated from urinary tract infections.

Abstract Background: In developing countries such as Iraq, every year there are thousands peoples infected with typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi. These infections became difficult to treat by different types of antimicrobials. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to phenotypic and genotypic characterization of drug-resistant S.typhi strains isolated from blood of inpatients and outpatients infected with typhoid fever. Materials and Methods: Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison between samples of the study. Disc diffusion method was used to investigate the ability of S.typhi to resistance of 12 antibiotics and PCR technique were used to investigate the prevalence of 13 antimicrobials resistance genes. Results: 61.53% and 51.28% of S.typhi strains were resistant to Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol, respectively, and all strains (100%) were susceptible to Ceftriaxone 30 µg. Among 13 antimicrobial resistance genes, the most prevalent was floR (74.35%), while there were no prevalence of blaCMY-2, Cat3 and strA-strB genes.

Many strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae can produce several virulence factors, such as siderophores, capsules, fimbrial adhesins and antibiotic resistance enzymes, which are important in the adherence, colonization, invasion and development of the infection. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate ten virulence gens in 32 K. pneumoniae isolated from different clinical infections: urine (13), burns (12), sputum (4) and blood (3). Phenotypic methods were used to detect capsule, hypermucoviscosity, ability to form biofilm, produce siderophores, primary and confirmatory test of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to detect ten virulence genes encoding attachments (fimH, ycfM), siderophores (kfu: iron uptake system, entB: enterobactin, irp-2: yersiniabactin), capsule synthesis or invasions (rmpA, uge, wabG) and beta lactamase enzymes (SHV, TEM). Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disk diffusion method. According to phenotypic methods, the results demonstrated that, the capsule and siderophores production and biofilm formation were observed in 100% of isolates, while hypermucoviscosity phenomenon was observed in 62.5%. The most common virulence genes were fimH-1, ycfM and entB (100%), uge and TEM (93.75%), wabG and SHV (87.5%). Kfu and rpmA genes were found at medium rates of 65.62 and 62.5%, respectively and at lower prevalence was gene Irp-2 (37.5%). A rate of 84.375% of isolates showed a multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern, 12.5% extensive drug resistance (XDR), 3.12% pandrug resistance (PDR) and the rate of extended-spectrum β- lactamases (ESBL) producing K. pneumoniae was 62.5%.The study concluded that fimH-1, ycfM and entB genes were commonly found in all isolates, they seem to be at the basis of classic pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae. The most common virulence genes were observed in isolates from burns and blood samples. K. pneumoniae became highly resistant to antibiotics especially to 3rd generation cephalosporins and there was positive relationship between presence of virulence genes and ability of the bacterium to antibiotics resistance.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that isolated from 90 hospital’s patients with burns infection in AL-Najaf Governorate – Iraq. The results of the current study demonstrated that out of 90 burns swabs there were 12 isolates were diagnosed as Klebsiella pneumoniae The susceptibility test for 12 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae proved that there was highly resistance to antibiotic; their pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility showed that 100% was resistant to amoxicillin , amoxiclav and nitrofurantoin , 83.33% was resistant to cefotaxime , 66.66% was resistant to ceftriaxone, 91.66% was resistant to and ceftazidime, 41.66% was resistant to gentamicin , amikacin , tobramycin and tetracycline. blaTEM and blaSHV genes in multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were detected by using monoplex PCR method, the results demonstrated that there were 12 isolate (100 %) was positive for blaTEM gene and 11 isolates (91.66%) was positive for blaSHV gene.

Abstract The present study was carried out from January to June 2011 in Al-Manathera General Hospital in Al-Manathera City, Iraq. The study aimed at comparing between bacteriological etiologic agents of otitis media and urinary tract infection (UTI). The study revealed that, from the 130 specimens from outpatients (65 ear swab from patients infected with otitis media and 65 urine specimens from patients infected with UTI), there were 60 bacterial isolates from patients infected with otitis media (36 males, 60 %, and 24 females, 40 %) with five no-growth specimens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent bacteriological etiologic agent of otitis media (25 isolates, 41.666 %), while from the 65 urine specimens from patients suffering from UTI, there were 65 bacterial isolates (24 males, 36.923 %, and 41 females, 63.077 %). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent etiologic agent of UTI (27 isolates, 41.53 %). Nitrofurantoin was active against all the otitis bacterial isolates and the UTI isolates, while Ampicillin and Penicillin were not active against most of bacterial isolates. .

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate, by use of the agar well diffusion method, the ability of cold-water and hot-water extracts of Petroselinum crispum leaves to inhibit bacteria isolated from patients with burns infections. The results revealed that 250 mg/ml of the hot-water extract was the more effective inhibitor of the growth of P. aeruginosa. The inhibition zone diameter of 29.667 mm was significantly different (P < 0.05) from that for nitrofurantoin, chosen as positive control. From the overall results obtained it is evident that the plant screened has anti-bacterial activity against some bacteria associated with burns infections. .

The aim of the present study is to investigate the ability of sesame seed oil as an adjuvant by intramuscular injection of laboratory rabbits with 1ml of sesame oil conjugate with 1mg capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 2. The serum (systemic) and trachea (mucosal) specific immunoglobulin titer of rabbits after 7 ,15 and 21 days was measured. The results demonstrated that there was significant increase (p= 0.0499) in specific serum immunoglobulin titer of rabbits (106.67) and in trachea of rabbits (46.66) post ٢١days from administration. Also the results proved that there was significant increase (p= 0.0481) in specific serum immunoglobulin titer of rabbits (213.333) post 21 days administration as compared to controls (106.76). The study recommended that the sesame oil can act as an adjuvant through inducing high level of specific serum immunoglobulin titer of rabbits.

Abstract Tobaccos smoking products have aheavy impact on the public health of developed countries as well as non- developed by being a main etiologic factor for induction of cardiovascular disease and tobacco-related cancer . The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of tobacco smoking on the measurement of the humoral immune response in 30 pregnant woman with (Type 1) diabetic group in contrast with 30 non smoking pregnant women group and 30 normal women . All studies group have (matched) age and working life.Measurement suggested that diabetic smoker had decrease level of IgG and IgM in their sera it was found that normal individual had mean IgA,IgG, IgM level 1.77mg/ml,8.3 mg/ml and 0.63 mg/ml respectively while non-smoker women suffering from type 1 diabetes had mean level of 2.44 mg/ml,9.94 mg/ml and 1.02 mg/ml .However, the mean level of IgA,IgG and IgM in diabetic smoker sera was determined to be 2.3 mg/ml,7.04 and 0,28mg/ml,respectively. T The obtained result suggest that toxic smoke component were immunosuppressant and may well play apart in the complex immuno-pathogenesis intraction.The increased risk of smoking in insulin dependent diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy is a further reasons to encourage pregnant women to exclude tobacco smoking.

Abstract The present study aimed to compare some microbial and Physiochemical parameters of Al-Kufa and AlManathera water before treatment (river water) and after treatment , the results revealed that there was significant increase (p=0800.0) in total available count (TVC) of Al-Kufa water before and after treatment since it was ( 068222 cfu/ml and 0 cfu/ml) respectively . Moreover there was significant increase (p=080000) in total available count of Al-Manathera water before and after treatment since it was ( 608222 cfu/ml and 0 cfu/ml ) respectively . The results of present study indicated that there was significant increase( p=08000. ) in total coliform count (TCC) in Al-Kufa water before and after treatment since it was ( 628222 cfu/ml and 0 cfu/ml ) respectively and there was significant increase ( p=0800.6 ) in total coliform count in Al-Manathera water before and after treatment since it was ( 06866 cfu/ml and 0 cfu/ml) respectively , and the results of this study improved that there was no growth for Salmonella.spp and V.cholera in Al-Kufa and Al-Manathera water after treatment. Also the present results indicate that there was significant increase( p= <0.0001 ) in total dissolved solids (TDS) in Al-Kufa water before and after treatment when it was ( 1188.3 ml/l and 854.67 ml/l) respectively , and there was significant increase ( p=<0.0001 ) to total dissolved solids in Al-Manathera water before and after treatment when it was ( 854.67 ml/l and 869.00 ml/l ) respectively , also the study improved that there was significant increase( p=<0.0001) in turbidity in Al-Kufa water before and after treatment when it was ( 34.667 ftu and 3.3133 ftu) respectively , and there was significant increase ( p=<0.0001 ) in turbidity in Al-Manathera water before and after treatment since it was ( 38.000 ftu and 3.2567 ftu ) respectively , and there was no significant increase between Al-Kufa and Al-Manathera water in turbidity after treatment , also the results demonstrated that was no significant increase between Al-Kufa and Al-Manathera water in acidity (PH) levels before and after treatment.

ABSTRACT This study was done to investigate the ability of bacteria strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO to cause bacteremia & septicemia in white rabbits by oral administration, moreover the hematological, biochemical & histopathological effects of these bacteria in white rabbits with nutrient broth.The results showed There was no occurrence of bacteremia and septicemia among white rabbits and There was no significant difference in hematological and hematological parameters(Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (E. S. R), Total leucocytes count (W. B. Cs), Packed Cell Volume (P. C. V), Total hemoglobin concentration (H. b), Total sugar concentration, G. P. T (Glutamat Pyruvat Transaminase activity)and G. O. T (Glutamat Oxaloacetate Transaminase activity). with significant reduction in Total cholesterol concentration (P<0.05). the histological study reveaed there was no abnormal effect on liver and kidney

Pyelonephritis is an inflammation caused by bacteria that primarily effects the interstitial area and the renal pelvis or, less often, the renal tubules. It is one of the most common renal diseases. The main objective of the study is to know and to compare the bacterial species that cause pyelonephritis in its three types, acute, chronic and emphysematous for patients in Iraq, specifically in the Al-Najaf Governorate. 663 (82.88%) samples gave a positive result for bacterial growth, and they belonged to patients with acute pyelonephritis 128 samples, chronic pyelonephritis patients had 288 samples and 247 samples for pyelonephritis emphysematous patients. The chronic pyelonephritis type had the most diverse bacterial species (11) bacterial species, the acute pyelonephritis (9) bacterial species, and the emphysematous pyelonephritis (6) species only. Escherichia coli bacteria was the most widespread of all types pyelonephritis, with a percentage of 34.41% (53/ 154) .For the acute type , percentage of 49.83% (152/305) was for the chronic type and a percentage of 56.07% (157/280) for the emphysematous type. 15 types of antibiotics were tested, and the antibiotics Imipenem and Amikacin were the best for most isolated bacterial species. In terms of gender, age and residence of the patients, females were the most susceptibility 341 (51.43%), and the age group (41-55) years is the most influential 211 (31.83%) and the percentage of residents of urban areas 379 (57.16%) gave the highest percentage of residents of rural areas. Keyword: Bacteria, Acute pyelonephritis, Chronic pyelonephritis, Emphysematous pyelonephritis, Antibiotic.

The study was conducted on350 suspected patients (192 male and 158 female) and 28 healthy people (14 male and 14 female) as the control group. Age ranged from 10-50 years old. All these cases were examined by the wet mount microscopic method to detect Entamoeba histolytica. Antigen rapid test to detect the Helicobacter pylori, all these samples collected from suspected patients were clients of a private laboratory suspected to be infected with H. pylori when attended to AL-Emmam AL-Sajaad hospital and AL-Forat AL-Awsat in AL-Najaf province from January 2022 till May 2023. Any patient was using the drug or undergoing disease removal from the current study. This study was designed to determine the effects of E. histolytica, H. pylori, and the two pathogens combined infection on parameters such as IL-10 and IL-13. The current study revealed that the concentration of (IL-10) in patient infection with Helicobacter pylori, Entamoeba histolytica and in joint injury Helicobacter pylori with Entamoeba histolytica were significant increase (P

Infections of the Urinary tract are the most common infection affecting the human population of all ages. Escherichia coli is a bacterial agent with greatest recurrent cause of UTIs and cause the majority of infections, with other trace bacterial species accounting for a smaller proportion. These pathogens enter the urinary tract from the intestinal biotope, causing dysbacteriosis. Ninety one UTI samples were collected from patients at Sadr Medical City. The sample collection was done from May to August, 2022. By VITEK2 system all isolates were identified; all isolates were tested for sensitivity to 12 antibiotics. In this study, 75 samples (82.4 %) of the 91 samples (urine) were gram-negative bacterial isolates, 14 samples (15.38 %) were gram-positive bacterial isolates, and 2 samples (2.19%) showed no growth.The results revealed that (100%) of isolates have a high resistance rate to Cloxacillin, Ceftazidime, Penicillin, and Piperacillin, followed by Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone (74.13%) isolates, Cefixime and Cefoxitin (68.96%) isolates, and Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin. In conclusions: Antibiotic resistance is still prevalent among pathogenic bacteria that cause urinary tract infections in pregnant women, which can cause dangerous complications to the fetus and the mother.

The study was conducted on350 suspected patients (192 male and 158 female) and 28 healthy people (14 male and 14 female) as the control group. Age ranged from 10-50 years old. All these cases were examined by the wet mount microscopic method to detect Entamoeba histolytica. Antigen rapid test to detect Helicobacter pylori, all these samples collected from suspected patients were clients of a private laboratory suspected to be infected with H. pylori when attended to AL-Emmam AL-Sajaad hospital and AL-Forat AL-Awsat in AL-Najaf province from January 2022 till May 2022. Any patient was using the drug or undergoing disease removal from the current study. The goal of this study was to ascertain how the combination infection of E. histolytica, H. pylori, and the two pathogens affected variables such INF-, IL-19, and IL-33. In patients with Helicobacter pylori, Entamoeba histolytica infections, and joint injuries caused by Helicobacter pylori and Entamoeba histolytica, respectively, the concentrations of INF- (, (IL-19), and (IL-33) .The study found.were significant increase (P

The study was conducted on350 suspected patients (192 male and 158 female) and 28 healthy people (14 male and 14 female) as the control group. Age ranged from 10-50 years old. All these cases were examined by the wet mount microscopic method to detect Entamoeba histolytica. Antigen rapid test to detect the Helicobacter pylori, all these samples collected from suspected patients were clients of a private laboratory suspected to be infected with H. pylori when attended to AL-Emmam AL-Sajaad hospital and AL-Forat AL-Awsat in AL-Najaf province from January 2022 till May 2023. Any patient was using the drug or undergoing disease removal from the current study. This study was designed to determine the effects of E. histolytica, H. pylori, and the two pathogens combined infection on parameters such as IL-19 and IL-33. The current study revealed that the concentration of (IL-19) and (IL-33) in patient infection with Helicobacter pylori, Entamoeba histolytica and in joint injury Helicobacter pylori with Entamoeba histolytica were significant increase (P< 0.05) (99. 36± 16.86 ng/L), (113.5± 21.26 ng/L), (103.6± 21.24 ng/L), (417. 8± 71.99 ng/L), (757.0± 96.42 ng/L), (360.5± 47.65 ng/L) respectively in compared to the control group (26.94 ± 6.86 ng/L), (268.8 ± 21.03 ng/L) respectively also it revealed the interleukin levels were highly elevated in samples infected with E. histolytica in comparison to those with H. pylori alone or combined with E. histolytica. The current study has concluded that the infection with Helicobacter pylori, Entamoeba histolytica and in joint injury, Helicobacter pylori with Entamoeba histolytica affects the body's immunity represented by IL-19 and IL-33.

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a significant global health care problem and its reported incidence is increasing at an alarming rate. Our study was conducted from December 2023 to April 2024 and the aim of the study is to a levels hemoglbin and vit d3 for men only in Najaf Governorate / Iraq withType 2 diabetic males and compared to healthy controls. The number of samples was 258 subjects (one hundred and fifty-two T2DM patients and ninety-six healthy controls). Ages Participants (20-60 years) showed that in general there is no significant difference, between the ages of patients and healthy people. When measuring the criteria for the studythe results showed that the hemoglobin level was within normal limits for both groups and did not constitute any significant difference at P-Value less than 0.5, for all ages. As for vitamin D3, there was a very slight increase in the control group, but it did not constitute any significant difference. Whatever the cause or result must be randomized controlled larger studies, which research the relation between diabetic regulation and vitamin D3 and hemoglobin levels.

Cancer is a disease in which some body cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body, and its spread rate increases significantly in most countries, including Iraq. This study was conducted at the Islamic University/College of Medical Technology, where data was collected for 108 patients. Cancer from the Teaching Oncology Center in Najaf for the period from February 2023 to March 2024. The results revealed that there were 67 (62.04 %) female patients and 41 (45.37 %) male patients, and the age group (41-60) was the most prevalent, 45 (41.67%) patients. As for the type of cancer, breast cancer constituted the largest percentage, with 29 (26.8%) patients, followed by lung cancer, with 8 (7.4 %) patients. Prevalence of leukemia represented was (3.7%,) and it was equal among males and females, and most of them were under 20 years old (75%). One of the ways to reduce the spread of this deadly disease is to conduct a regular examination to detect any abnormal growth in the body, as early detection may accelerate recovery to a very large extent.

Abstract. Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis are two of the most common causes of upper or lowermurinary tract infection. The purpose of this study was to compare demographic characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of chronic pyelonephritis (CPN) between E. coli and P. mirabilis, and conducted by taking clinical samples urine from 288 patients with chronic pyelonephritis, including females and males, aged between 10-84 years, who attended Hospital Al-Sadr Teaching Urology Department in Najaf Governorate, Iraq from February 2023 to January 2024. The results showed that 17/288 (6%) were mix growth and 271/288 (94%) were single growths, which were focused on in this study (monomicrobe). The Gram-negative bacteria were 231/271 (85%) and the Gram-positive bacteria were 40/271 (15%), and E. coli bacteria constituted 119/231 (51.5%) and P. mirabilis, bacteria 27/231 (11.7%). The average ages were (52.92 ± 17.46) and (56.78 ± 18.03) for E. coli and P. mirabilis, bacteria, respectively. Significant differences were found at P-Value 0.5 in some age groups, in addition to both bacteria in males more prevalent with a significant difference. The presence of E. coli bacteria was more widespread in urban areas, unlike bacteria. P. mirabilis, which was more widespread in rural areas. Ten antibiotics were tested to compare them, and there were four antibiotics, namely Augmentin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim and Imipenem, which had the same effect and did not constitute any significant difference. As for the other types, they formed a significant difference.