عدنان داود محمد العذاري

ABSTRACT In such models the emphasis was on estimating and/or predicting the average value of Y conditional upon the fixed values of the X variables. But in many situations, such a one-way or unidirectional cause-and-effect relationship is not meaningful. This occurs if Y is determined by the X’s, and some of the X’s are, in turn, determined by Y. From that caused will be occurs problem in the estimation by use the OLS and the result not good to present the relationships between them, and we can't depend upon it and we are estimation the model by use another method, will in short we are use the simultaneous equations which makes the distinction between dependent and explanatory variables of dubious value. It is better to lump together a set of variables that can be determined simultaneously by the remaining set of variables-precisely what is done in simultaneous-equation models. In such models there is more than one equation-one for each of the mutually, or jointly, dependent or endogenous variables And unlike the single-equation models, in the simultaneous-equation models one may not estimate the parameters of a single equation without taking into account information provided by other equations in the system. KEYWORDS: Econometrics, Simultaneous Equations, Market System 1.

ABSTRACT Classifies the maize crop from among strategic crops in Iraq, which have a great impact in contributing to farm income on the one hand, and the cultivated area from the other.As it constitutes acreage large proportion within the Governorate of Wasit, The problem of Research Determined by asking the following: Is that the current pricing policy of the maize crop in Iraq generally and Wasit Governorate is particularly favorable, The research objectives to Estimate the multiple regression model consist 3 variables like as: The prices of maize and cultivated area and the time, the result show the prices have high effected on maize production in first degree and the cultivated area come second degree. KEYWORDS: Agricultural, Economics, Econometrics

ABSTRACT Classifies the maize crop from among strategic crops in Iraq, which have a great impact in contributing to farm income on the one hand, and the cultivated area from the other.As it constitutes acreage large proportion within the Governorate of Wasit, The problem of Research Determined by asking the following: Is that the current pricing policy of the maize crop in Iraq generally and Wasit Governorate is particularly favorable, The research objectives to Estimate the multiple regression model consist 3 variables like as: The prices of maize and cultivated area and the time, the result show the prices have high effected on maize production in first degree and the cultivated area come second degree. KEYWORDS: Agricultural, Economics, Econometrics

ABSTRACT The economic openness between nations die certainly to the occurrence of economic development in the same countries as the increasing exports and reducing imports, economic target for each country to increase its economic resources and increase economic growth has and consequently an increase in per capita income, which is reflected on the improvement and welfare of the community and helping to overcome the economic and social problems, One of the main subjects of the Pure Theory of International Trade has been the study of Comparative Advantage, that is, the determination of trade patterns. Ricardo focused on relative cost differences based on technology, whereas the conventional Heckscher-Ohlin model shows that even with identical technologies and constant returns, relative costs can differ if factor proportions differ, Adam Smith was probably the first one to consider the effects of market size on specialization and therefore on volumes exchanged. The theory of commercial policy also establishes a relation between protection and volume of trade, and the researchers suggest that trade to GDP ratios are market determined variables subject to conventional theoretical analysis and empirical verification, This paper I shall use the ratio D.OP={(Exports/Imports)x100} as the measure for openness of the economy to countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippine and Thailand then compare with each other to gain access to the state the most open and influential in the economy The cause of calculate openness in this way unlike calculating some which combines imports and exports and then divides the result by the gross domestic product to become ratio represents the degree of openness, but cannot measure this degree on economic growth and on economic indicators as is the proportion as in economic sectors that are also a certain percentage and so I would suggest this solution to indicate the degree of economic openness are then estimated using regression models the effect of the degree of economic openness on GDP growth. KEYWORDS: International Economics, Economic Policies, Econometrics

ABSTRACT The model of gravity which is used in foreign trade by many Western researchers to estimate the impact of different economic policies on exports, in addition to its use in measuring the impact of preferential trade agreements, currency unions, and economic cartel's on the economies of countries of the Organization of such gatherings, with reference to a large group of economists Americans, Canadians and Mexicans used it after signing the Free Trade Agreement NAFTA North American countries to measure the impact of that Convention on trade flows between these countries, the model has been mentioned wide popularity among economists because of its success in clarifying the trade flows between countries are simplified, A lot of studies that applied the gravity model In this study, the application of gravity model on the U.S. trade with selected countries, namely, (Australia, Turkey, South Korea, United Kingdom, Algeria) and was selected as a result of a number of considerations Show of models that estimate the gravity model between the United States and China was one of the best models in recognition and comes then respectively the United Kingdom and then Canada.and U.S. exports to China face different restrictions do it Chinese law. Contrast that the U.S. began to impose strict restrictions direction of trade with China and.Started in the United States to promote exports to the world restrictions easier than it was previously. KEYWORDS: Economics, Gravity, Foreign Trade, Economic Policies

The relationship between investment and development of close relations in economic thought, foreign investment have been associated by the development of international trade, and helped to spread and increasing rates emergence transnational corporations National Furthermore mergers and acquisitions across borders, including the purchase of foreign investors Government Organizations that have been privatized, Has used the most of the world foreign capital to modernize and develop its production facilities and other components of the national economy, and foreign investment played an important role in economic development projects for the host countries if they have done these countries to choose their projects and their foreign partners, Investing can close the gap of resources and capabilities that are not available in the receiving countries, and expanding the investor base in the country, and through the participation of local capital and therefore a positive impact on the balance of payments and increasing exports