Bushra Hamza Fares ALjumiliy

Aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles have been employed in many industries, which are widely abundant in many aspects of human life. The role of the aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles adjuvant is to enhance the immune response. However, the impact of nanoparticles exposure has not been perfectly investigated yet. Accordingly, some questions have been raised about their potentially harmful effects, based on which the current research aims to answer them. This study aimed to investigate the histological effects of aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles and bulk-aluminum hydroxide (bulk Al[OH]3) on the liver, lung, heart, and kidney tissues. For this reason, an experiment was implemented on the aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles adjuvant in five neonatal mice. Intramuscularly, the mice were injected with 0.125 mL of adjuvanted vaccine, while five neonatal mice were injected with bulk and nanoparticles of Al (OH)3 and then sacrificed after one and two months, respectively. Vaccines were controlled by evaluating the histopathological response in neonatal mice. Subsequently, the pathological effect of both adjuvants was surveyed using the histological study of the lung, liver, heart, and kidney of the animals. The obtained recorded data indicated that both types of vaccine adjuvants caused pathological lesions on the histology sections of the liver, lung, heart, and kidney tissues. Moreover, bulk Al (OH)3 adjuvant vaccine was more effective and had a higher pathological response than aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles adjuvant vaccine. In addition, the total DNA content in both groups was estimated using Fluorometer from Promega. Compared to aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles groups, the tissues indicated a decrease in total DNA content obtained in bulk Al (OH)3 groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that the exposure to aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles would result in less pronounced toxicity, as well as systemic inflammation, compared to the bulk Al (OH)3 aluminum hydroxide.

This study investigated the histopathological effects of alcoholic extract of dandelion leaves on infected model animals, male western rats, by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The present study has explored the effect the dandelion ethanolic extract using a concentration of 100 mg/l.The experimental rats were infected with a single dose of MRSA; they were then inoculated intranasally by a concentration of MRSA (1.0 × 107 CFU/ml). Negative control was treated with distilled water only. Fifteen rats were randomly divided into three groups equally. The first group was infected with MRSA. The second group was treated with the ethanolic extract of dandelion (0.3 ml per rat) for a month after infected by MRSA. The third group was a negative control, which was administered 0.3 ml of PBS.Thus, the results showed that the ethanolic extract of dandelion can play a crucial role in controlling this pathogen. The histopathological study illustrated the pathological changes in the internal organs of the first and second groups that infected rats with these bacteria within thirty days of treatment. In conclusion, the current study has confirmed the effects of dandelion extract on infected MRSA in Westar rates, illustrated minimal histopathological changes in the lungs, kidneys, heart and liver compared with infected rats

Brucella melitensis is an important cause of ovine abortion in several sheep rearing countries, The immunological control of the pathogen in the placenta or by the fetus could be the key to determine the mechanism of abortion and ⁄ or transplacental transmission to the fetus. This work was performed to detect INF gamma gene sequence in the DNA of AL- ousi breed, . and in association with ovine abortion caused by Brucella melitensis. The cytokine gene expression, analyzed by PCR, was performed to explore the immunological regulatory mechanisms of IFN-γ on and its effect on abortion . The results indicated the presence of amplified fragment around ~340 bp in length compared to the ~55 bp that was predicted ,also, the level of DNA expression was the highest in placenta of normal delivered group and the lowest in aborted placental .

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